Of Mice and Men Character Analysis Essay

Show how Steinbeck shows two characters making difficult decisions in Of mice and Men A decision can either have a good or bad outcome. In ‘Of Mice and Men’ characters are made to take difficult decisions which could change their lives. In this essay, I will be analyzing ways in which Steinbeck portrays (shows) difficult decisions made by characters, in the novel. George makes some tough decisions which all lead him to his misery. When George and Lennie are sitting near the fire, George says to Lennie, â€Å"‘if I was alone I could live so easy’ ‘no mess at all’, ‘An’ whatta I got†¦I got you!’ † George’s life is not easy because he has to deal with Lennie, who gets into trouble-most of the time. Choosing to take care of Lennie, instead of abandoning him is a tough choice; this is what leads George to this painful outcome. When talking to Carlson after killing Lennie, â€Å"George’s voice was almost a whisper. He looked at his hand that held the gun.† George is now lonely sand he feels guilty for taking Lennie’s life away. George chose to kill Lennie because if he didn’t, Lennie would be killed painfully by Curley, and George does not want Lennie to suffer. Candy is forced to make difficult choices which all result in him facing terrible outcomes. After the death of his dog, Candy says â€Å"‘I ought to of shot that dog myself, George. I shouldn’t ought to of let no stranger shoot my dog.’† Candy now has a feeling of regret and he misses his dog. Candy lets Carlson shoot his dog because he feels he has no other choice but to let him because he thinks they would kick him off the ranch. After finding Curley’s wife dead, knowing it was Lennie, Candy â€Å"spoke his greatest fear. ‘You an’ me can get that little place can’t we, George?’ ‘Candy dropped his head and looked down at the hay. He knew.’ † Candy’s dreams are now flattened as he knows that they will no longer continue to try to get the little ranch. He had so much hope when he decided to join George and Lennie on their dream, but now he has to stay on the ranch because he has no other options. Candy just wanted to get off the ranch and keep his dog, but could not do either because of the choices he was forced to make. These characters made hard decisions which they thought would make their lives better but instead they changed their lives for the worse. They all just wanted a happy life but they all lost the chance to get this happiness at the end of the novel. Whether their choices were forced or freely made,  they did not make the right decisions to reach their dreams.

The World’s Surprising Economic Superpower

The annual Fortune 500 rankings have become an iconic measure of corporate influence in the U. S. business world. But just as major league baseball's World Series stacks the deck in favor of U. S. baseball teams, the Fortune 500 is limited to U. S. companies. And just as the United States failed to end up at the top in this year's (genuinely global) World Baseball Classic, the relative position of U. S. companies changes once you step onto the global playing field. The United States still dominates the Fortune Global 500 with 140 U. S companies, its 30% share equaling roughly the United States' share of the global economy.That's twice as many as its nearest competitor, Japan, with 68 companies on the list. But U. S. dominance is clearly eroding. Most notably, a U. S. company is no longer at #1, with Royal Dutch Shell displacing U. S. -based Wal-Mart as the world's largest company with revenues of $458 billion. That's the first time a non-U. S. company has been at the head of the list since 1996. The 140 U. S. companies that did make the list combine for the lowest number since Fortune magazine began compiling the list in 1995. Recall that 2008 was particularly unkind to the United States.Within the span of a remarkable 12 months, household names like AIG, Freddie Mac, Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch, Wachovia, and Washington Mutual all disappeared from the list. The Fortune Global 500: BRICs Rising? The inevitable rise of the BRIC economies — Brazil, Russia, India and China — is now taken as holy writ among the U. S. business press. With the BRIC countries now boasting more than a quarter of the world's land area and more than 40% of the world's population, it's now considered inevitable that, in terms of size, speed, and directional flow, the transfer of global wealth and economic power is shifting from West to East.While it's true that the BRICs offer some of the best investment opportunities, in terms of companies on the Fortune Global 500, the dominance of the BRICs is still far from today's reality. The BRICs account for 58 companies among the Fortune Global 500. China stands head and shoulders above its rivals, with 37 companies on the list — a gain of nine companies from only a year ago. India has seven companies on the list, while Brazil has six and Russia has eight among the top 500. As pundit David Rothkopf observed, â€Å"Without China, the BRICs are ust the BRI — a bland, soft cheese that is primarily known for the wine that goes with it. † That said, even the Chinese companies on the list are hardly world beaters. Most are state-owned behemoths — not known for savvy or innovation. China's second-biggest company is the creatively named â€Å"State Grid,† which ranks (a shocking) #15 in the world. And in 2009, you can still win bets at almost any U. S. bar by betting someone that she can't name a Chinese brand. Most of the Chinese companies on the list are like a 7†² 5†³ basketball player who can barely dribble the ball.Sure, it's hard to ignore that he is an intimidating presence on the basketball court. But that doesn't mean that you'd want to put him on your All-Star team. And it's hard not to notice that the largest BRIC companies outside of China are largely based on natural resources — that is, â€Å"trust fund† countries pumping wealth from the ground. Take away the oil and steel industries, and Russia, India and Brazil all suddenly rank alongside Denmark, Austria, Ireland and Finland, with two Fortune Global 500 companies each.In terms of heft, the BRICs are still distinctively minor league. Brazil has one company in the top 100, Russia has two, India has zero, and China has five, totaling eight companies from the BRIC countries in the top 100. By this measure, the combined BRICs beat Britain alone — but not France. The Fortune Global 500: The World's Surprising Economic Superpower? With all eyes looking toward the inev itable rise of the BRICs, it's easy to spurn â€Å"Old Europe† as a global economic force. I'm guilty of it and I've spent my entire adult life here.There may be a handful of contrarians willing to say that China may not be all that it's cracked up to be. But in over 15 years of active investment reading, I can recall only a single book that ever viewed Europe's prospects in a positive light. Taken together, Europe's economy is not only bigger than the U. S. economy, but its companies also rival the United States for corporate oomph. The economy of Germany, with a population of 80 million people, is the size of China's, and it both exports more and boasts more companies among the Fortune 500 than its Asian rival (39).Throw in France (40), the United Kingdom (26), Switzerland (15), the Netherlands (12), and Spain (12), and the top six European economies boast an impressive 155 companies among the Fortune Global 500. Not bad for a combined population of 266 million — sub stantially less than the United States. Include the Scandinavian countries of Sweden, Norway and Denmark (combined population 19 million) landing nine companies on the list, and you skew the list even further in Europe's favor. And unlike the BRICs, the European companies are distinctly top-heavy.Germany has 15 companies in the top 100, France, 10; Britain, six; Italy, five; Spain, three; and Netherlands, two, for a total of 41. That far outpaces the United States' collective 27 companies on the list of the world's 100 largest. The Fortune Global 500: A Welcome Correction Parsing the Fortune Global 500 rankings offers an important correction to what you hear in the mainstream business press. First, on a country level, U. S companies still dominate the global economy. And Japan, for all of its widely publicized problems, is still a powerful economic force.Second, China plays a much smaller role in the real world than it does in your email inbox. Third, and perhaps most surprisingly, taken together, the European companies outrank the United States — both in the top 100 and top 500 of the Fortune Global 500. Think of Europe as a single country and you suddenly realize that it trounced both the United States and China in the Beijing Olympics. And it wasn't even close. Yet, consider how likely it would be that you'd ever subscribe to an investment newsletter that focused solely on investment opportunities in Europe.The broader lesson is that distinctions on national lines are increasingly irrelevant. A good example is Arcelor Mittal, the world's largest steel-maker, which grew its revenues faster than Google did over the past five years. Arcelor Mittal is technically a Luxembourg-based company, run by an Indian, who lives in London. And I'd be surprised if you even knew (or cared) that the world's #1 company, Royal Dutch Shell, is actually based in the Netherlands. For true multinationals, country of origin is so yesterday. And that's the way it should be fo r you in looking at your investments.

YOUR CHOICE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

YOUR CHOICE - Essay Example One of the famous theories presented proposes an explanation subject to experimentation of the development of the galaxy is the big bang theory. Scientists have tried to create an understanding of what happened to the universe before and after the moment when the bang took place using this suggested theory. Astronomists and physicists have made discoveries that indicate that our universe did have a beginning which implies that before the moment of the bang there was nothing and thereafter our universe came to exist. The theory states that our universe came into existence around thirteen billion years ago as an area of intense gravitational pull that defies the understanding of physics referred to as a singularity. The gravitational pull was thought to be of intense pressure causing finite matter to be further squashed into an infinite density which explains how our universe came to exist. Questions as to where the universe came from or why it did appear are still unanswered (Fox, 67). After the initial appearance of the universe it then expanded and cooled from the initially small and very hot element to the current size and temperature of the universe. The theory was first proposed by Georges in a hypothesis of an ancient atom that was further developed by several other scientists to generate the contemporary idea. The theory also relies on Einstein’s theory of relativity and data formulated by Alexander. The process continues up to date whereby earth exists as a unique planet with unbelievable creatures, revolving around the sun together with other billions of stars in the galaxy elevated through the outer space inside an expanding universe that began as an infinite singularity that appeared for reasons unknown from nowhere. In the understanding of the theory, misconceptions of the idea behind it are clarified by scientists for example the imagination of a giant balloon exploding is countered by the explanation that we

Hygiene Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hygiene - Essay Example Hygiene simply refers to a science that deals with the preservation of health. Hygiene can also be identified as a set of practices that are associated with, or help in the preservation of health. Hygiene recommendations and requirements will vary under different situations both in society and in the medical field. This is because the perception of hygiene among different ethnic groups or cultures may vary and also the hygiene recommendations in a particular field of medicine may vary from those in a different field. The main reason why hygiene is emphasized on in the medical field is because it reduces the risk of spreading diseases. It controls the multiplication and spread of organisms that cause diseases in everyday life settings. There are different types of hygiene that are essential in the preservation of health, for example, hand hygiene. This is the most common societal form of hygiene. It is also referred to as hand washing and health experts recommend the washing of hands with a hand sanitizer such as soap. Hand hygiene is essential in preventing the spread of diseases in everyday life because the hands come in to contact with many things, such as unclean surfaces, and for this reason, it so happens that hands are more prone to transferring bacteria that will cause diseases. Other forms of hygiene may include food hygiene, laundry hygiene, and personal hygiene among many others. In the field of medicine, hygiene is summed up in to medical hygiene. This refers to the practices which regulate the administration of medicine and medical care. The main agenda of medical hygiene is to minimize the spread of diseases or even to prevent diseases from spreading. For example, if there is a patient who has been diagnosed or is showing symptoms of a particular infectious disease, then the prudent medical hygiene procedure that should be followed is isolation. The medical term used for isolation is quarantine. Hand hygiene is also pertinent to medical hygiene. Me dical practitioners are required to wash their hands before handling a patient. This requirement is emphasized more when one is about to enter an operating room but the role that hand hygiene plays in the general hospital or health care setting cannot be overlooked because some bacteria that spread diseases are easily transmittable. In the 20th century, an outbreak of a number of highly infectious and deadly diseases was experienced. One such disease was Ebola. The rate of transmission of these viruses necessitated the tightening of medical hygiene and since then, such practices as proper disposal of medical waste is a key element in medical hygiene. The Role of Hygiene in Adult Nursing Adult nursing is the field of nursing which deals with and cares for adult patients who are suffering from acute and long term illnesses and diseases (Baughan & Smith, 2009). An adult nurse’s primary duty is to support the patient in their recovery process. This kind of support is offered by t he use of care plans, and by carrying out care procedures and assessment. Apart from this, the adult nurse should educate the patient on how they can promote good health. This is where hygiene comes in. Hygiene is important in adult nursing and any other kinds of medical practice because it also helps the patient to recover from the diseases or illnesses that they are suffering from (Bullock, Clark & Marlone, 2012, p. 344). It is evident that adults, especially those who are well advanced in age, have immune systems and bodies which are more prone to diseases. This is because the immune system weakens gradually as the body itself ages. When an adult patient is infected by disease causing bacteria, they are

Theodore Roosevelt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Theodore Roosevelt - Essay Example It will close with a discussion of the relevance of his decision today, some one hundred years later, and the benefits that have accrued to America. 1.1 The Origins of the Transfer Act of 1905 As an initial matter, it is important to note that Theodore Roosevelt did not create the United States Forest Service; quite the contrary, this federal agency was created and given legal powers by virtue of the United States Land Revision Act of 1891 which provided, in relevant part, that the president would thereafter have the authority to "set aside and reserve...any part of the public lands wholly or partly covered with timber or undergrowth, whether of commercial value or not." At the time, this was a skeletal piece of legislation with little immediate effect. It looked good on paper, it played well at social gatherings, but the reality was that the Act itself was lacking in real substance. This is because this initial legislation, vesting power in the American president, did not provide for any guidelines or mechanisms for using or for developing these set aside lands (Balogh, 2002). Thus, while the lands might be protected from economic exploitation, there was no mention of nat ional parks or development for public use. These lands, in short, were not only placed out of the reach of capitalistic interests but also out of the reach of purely scientific and public interests as well. Nonetheless, it was a piece of legislation, a perogative of presidential power, which Theodre Roosevelt would take advantage of a mere two decades later in order to more firmly entrench public interests, both in terms of research and public benefits more generally, with the Transfer Act... As an initial matter, it is important to note that Theodore Roosevelt did not create the United States Forest Service; quite the contrary, this federal agency was created and given legal powers by virtue of the United States Land Revision Act of 1891 which provided, in relevant part, that the president would thereafter have the authority to "set aside and reserve...any part of the public lands wholly or partly covered with timber or undergrowth, whether of commercial value or not.† At the time, this was a skeletal piece of legislation with little immediate effect. It looked good on paper, it played well at social gatherings, but the reality was that the Act itself was lacking in real substance. This is because this initial legislation, vesting power in the American president, did not provide any guidelines or mechanisms for using or for developing these set-aside lands (Balogh, 2002). Thus, while the lands might be protected from economic exploitation, there was no mention of n ational parks or development for public use. These lands, in short, were not only placed out of the reach of capitalistic interests but also out of the reach of purely scientific and public interests as well. Nonetheless, it was a piece of legislation, a prerogative of presidential power, which Theodore Roosevelt would take advantage of a mere two decades later in order to more firmly entrench public interests, both in terms of research and public benefits more generally, with the Transfer Act of 1905.

Transgenic plants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Transgenic plants - Essay Example ique was to create disease resistant specie by making forced hybridization between distinct plant species through in-vitro technique such as protoplast fission or embryo rescue (Wikipedia, 2009). In the process of transgenic plants development, DNA plays the most vital role. The genetic information remains encoded in DNA through certain specific sequence of four bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine). The whole process can be well expressed with the help of the diagram given below: Hence, from the diagram it is clear that at first the DNA gets converted to mRNA through transcription and then by the process of translation it gets converted into protein. This protein acts as a bio-catalyst and can accelerate other biochemical reactions or it can turn to storage unit of a cell and contribute in formation of a trait of the plant. As discussed above, transgenic plant is the product of DNA transfer and hence, there are two main methods of transforming plants cell and tissues. It can be performed either by â€Å"Gene Gun† method, which is more common in monocot species, or through â€Å"Agrobacterium† method, that has been successfully used in the dicot species. (Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, 2004). The traditional process of transgenic plant development is still controversial as evidences indicate that this technique was in use from many years for developing different variety of food crop which were resistant to many devastating diseases. In 1930, a variety of wheat called â€Å"Hope† was developed by E. S. McFadden which was resistant to â€Å"rusts†. It was found that natural movement of genes commonly occurs due to transposons and retrotransposons (mobile genetic elements). They assist in natural translocation of the genes in the genome and thus, lead to the formation of a new species. This is a natural process for formation of transgenic plants and these natural mobile genetic elements have been used by many researchers in their laboratory work

Personal Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Personal Statement - Essay Example Since a very young age, I began to understand the technicalities of a business, how money was to be managed, what factors were good for a business, what factors disturbed it. What fascinated me most was the role played by money in every small decision of the business, and that is when my interest in economics started to bud. I began to notice the fundamental role of economics in my everyday life. I began to realize that economics permeated every aspect of the world, from politics to religion to social affairs; the economy had a role to play in every affair. Whether it was an unsatisfactory budget that affected us or the general down-fall of economy which meant less demand for luxuries, the economy has always affected me in a personal way. It comes as no surprise that I’ve always had to keep myself up to date with the ever-changing economic climate. Further aided by the fact that my grandfather happens to possess one of the soundest and most brilliant economic minds I happen to have come across, and when it was time to choose my future, there were no second thoughts involved in opting for Economics. Making a difference and changing the world for the better is a passion I hold very near to my heart. I have always grabbed every opportunity to give back to my society whenever I can. I have done volunteer work at the local church time and again. This has involved usher work as well as organizing events there. Moreover, I have taken part in beach clean-ups and other similar activities around my town. As I grew up and gained a better understanding of the world, I realized that the most effective manner in which I can do this is by altering the economy. With a healthy economy comes a better standard of living, and that leads to a generally happier society. I believe that a good student should encompass all the different dimensions that life has to offer. Fun, learning, leisure, socializing, room has to be made for each and every one if one wants to call himself a complete student. I myself have been able to follow this philosophy quite successfully. Striking the right balance between all these aspects, I have a lot of credentials to show for it. In high school, all my subjects other than economics have helped me in one way or another. Where Mathematics helped me develop fundamental concepts and helped me in economic calculations, accounting helps me understand a completely different side of finance and psychology helped me understand how people’s thought processes work and why they do the things that they do. However, academics are not as wide as my horizon goes. There is so much else more to my individuality. Throughout my school life, I have been involved in a variety of social work. This includes organizing fund raisers for various charities, helping out orphan children or even planting trees in deforested areas. One major activity I was involved in was the raising and distribution of funds collected for the Tsunami that hit the coasts of South and East Asia a few years back. Thereafter, I was elected as President of our school’s Community Service Club. Furthermore, I happen to be a very accomplished sportsman. I have been playing for my House cricket, football and basketball teams since the early days of my school. Even though I take part in all the sports I can, I have a special place in my heart for football. My other activities involve playing rhythm and bass guitar with various bands in the city, writing and helping my parents go on with

Sumary and responses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sumary and responses - Essay Example Nevertheless, Amitai asserts that fast food chain jobs create working robots and are highly uneducational. Indeed, he reckons that such chains pay little attention on how teens acquire skills and the significance of such skills. Amitai notes that research derives that teens that begin as part-time employees McDonalds drop out of high school and are gobbled up in the world of low-skill jobs since they were actually not learning beneficial skills at the food chain (Axelrod and Charles 282). He also asserts that such jobs are not suited for college-bound, white, and middle-class youngsters but for the lower class, illiterate, and minority youngsters. McDonalds disadvantage the minority and offer no career ladders and few marketable skills (Axelrod and Charles 282). The food chains compel teens to work for long hours beyond how they work at school. More so, the supervision at McDonald’s seemingly seeks to teach the teens some wrong kinds of compliance, which is detrimental to the teen’s career (Axelrod and Charles 282). ... This makes the teens to value money or part-time jobs more than their education. The teens tend to think that all they need to live in the society is to earn money and not to concentrate on their studies. He observes that the consumerist aspects of adult life that the fast food chains promote enhance an escape from school and responsibilities (Axelrod and Charles 283). As a result, Amitai recommends that parents have a mandate to ensure that their youngsters seek job opportunities at places with proper work settings that will encourage the development of the student’s careers. Furthermore, the fast food chains must change their strategy or desist from employing the teens. Additionally, he advocates for an agreement with the teen so that a substantial amount of the teen earnings should be beneficial to their families or for their well-being (Axelrod and Charles 283). Ultimately, Amitai Etzioni reckons that the teens should establish a balance between their quest for earnings an d the need to develop their careers. Works Cited Axelrod, Rise B, and Charles R. Cooper. The St. Martin's Guide to Writing. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2010.

Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 17

Analysis - Essay Example The prices of groceries are determined by the interaction between demand and supply as with any other marketable product. Both the consumers and suppliers rely on quantity and prices as a signal to adjust respective demand and supply of groceries in the market. But as groceries are necessary items and widely available in any market due to competitive market, it has significant buyers purchase decisions. The supply curve plots the relationship between quantity and prices of US grocery industry s that are able to procure and sell products in open market. Assuming that the market structure is perfectly competitive, the basic law of supply states that with the increase in prices of groceries in the market, the suppliers will response positively by increasing supply with the objective to earn more profits. Conversely, as the supply of groceries become abundant the suppliers negatively react by lessening procurement and supply of groceries in the market in order to cut losses that gradually leads to the fall in prices of groceries. Now, in the given case, Albertsons parent Cerberus is buying Safeway for over $9 billion. Many analyst have noted that the move was an attempt to acquire top spot in the US groceries industries. In US, over 19 percent market share is owned by Kroger followed by Safeway which is at present the second largest chain following Kroger. The merger will impact the demand-supply equation because post-merger it is expected that Kroger would operate with 2,640 stores whereas Albertsons would operate with 2,400 stores. The chart depicted above reveals that the volatility in market regarding the supply of groceries modifies the basic supply curve by shifting position. The analysis of supply movements of groceries indicate that when the curve shifts from S1 to S2 (right-side), it is an indication that there is an increase in supply of groceries in market, assuming

Cultural myth in once upon a Quinceaera by Julia Alvarez Assignment

Cultural myth in once upon a Quinceaera by Julia Alvarez - Assignment Example Just as the cultural myth of gender roles is describe in the article â€Å"True Women and Real Men† in the book Rereading America, Alvarez explores the categories of gender as they are constructed by the society. She uses social research, the quinceanera story of a girl named Monica, her personal experience and history to explore the cultural myth of gender roles. This paper will describe how the cultural myth of gender roles is presented as one that enforces the differences between women and men in Once Upon a Quinceanera: Coming of Age in the USA. Ideally, Once Upon a Quinceanera: Coming of Age in the USA pushes readers to question the cultural perceptions of gender as embedded in rites of passage rituals. Having left the Dominican Republic at the time she would have had her own quinceanera, Alvarez examines how gender is perceived among girls who are not sure themselves of the significance of the ritual. The cultural myth of gender roles is deeply entangled with the identities of individuals as determined by the cultural values they have internalized from infancy. In her book, Alvarez neither presents arguments for gender superiority nor inferiority but, rather, presents the case as typically perceived by the Latina community. The clear message embodied in the quinceanera concept as opined in Alvarez’s book is that the Latina girl is expected to get married, devote herself to her husband and have children. In the US, as Alvarez implies, a quince (or Latina girl coming of age) is exceedingly dramatized and the scenario often entails the parents overspending in what seems to be advertising their daughter for marriage. Symbolically, during the ceremony, the young girl is dressed much like a bride. Then her father changes her flat shoes with high heels, claims the first waltz and passes her on to an uncle, brother or grandfather and finally an escort. Ideally, it is a wedding rehearsal just short of a

On Time Importance Essay Example for Free

On Time Importance Essay We are successful in life only when we make the best use of time. Time cannot be stopped, paused, or regained. Some point in life whether it be business related, or for leisure, someone or something will require you to be at a certain place at a given time. Punctuality could be the key to winning a contest, finalizing a business deal, or even keeping your job. We all as human beings have been late before, things happen, but constant lateness affects your dependability. If you are not dependable your opportunities for progression will start to decrease. The life of George Washington was characterized by a scrupulous regard for punctuality. When he asked a man to bring by some horses he was interested in buying at five in the morning, and the man arrived fifteen minutes late, he was told by the stable groom that the general had been waiting there at five, but had now moved on to other business, and that he wouldn’t be able to examine the horses again until the following week. When he told Congress that he’d meet with them at noon, he could almost always be found striding into the chamber just as the clock was striking twelve. Washington’s promptness extended to his mealtimes as well. He ate dinner each day at exactly 4 o’clock, and when he invited members of Congress to dine with him, and they arrived late, they were often surprised to find the president halfway done with his meal or even pushing back from the table. To his startled, tardy guest he would say, â€Å"We are punctual here. My cook never asks whether the company has arrived, but whether the hour has come. †( www. artofmanliness. com) George Washington was a perfect example on how important punctuality is, and what opportunities can be missed. For our first president, being on time was a way of showing respect to others, and he expected to be treated with the same level of respect in return. Although no longer live in an age of knickers and powdered wigs, but being punctual is just as important as it ever was. â€Å"Soldiers should be minutemen. Punctuality is one of the most valuable habits a soldier can possess. † Christopher Andrews said it the best, when it comes to punctuality in the army is your bread and butter. You could be the best soldier, but if you’re late all the time you can quickly be potrayed as something way less. Being punctual builds and reveals your discipline. The punctual man shows that he can organize his time, that he pays attention to details, and that he can put aside this to do that ; he can set aside a pleasure to take care of business. The non punctual man shows he needs to be supervised, seems unprepared, and unprofessional. These things are all the things that could stop a soldier from progressing. It is like a domino effect, one consequence leads to another, and leads you down a trail of detriment. Something so simple as being on time can be the key to being allowed to go to a promotion board, or even staying in the military. If the conduct was constant, action may be intiated to separate you from the service. If you are involuntarily separted, you could receive an Honorable discharge, a general discharge, or under other than honorable conditions discharge. An honorable discharge is a separation with honor based on the quality of service, which meets the standards of acceptable conduct and performance of duty. A general discharge is a separation under honorable conditions , based on a military record being satisfactory but not sufficiently meritorious to warrant an honorable discharge. A discharge under other than honorable conditions is based upon a pattern of behavior of one or more acts or omissions that constitutes a significant departure from the conduct expected of a soldier. An honorable discharge may be awarded under any provisions. A general discharge may be awarded for separation under Chapter 5, Chapter 9, Chapter 13, or Chapter 14. An under othe than honorable conditions discharge may be awarded for separation under Chapter 14 for misconduct. If you receive an honorable discharge, you will be qualififed for most benefits resulting from military service. An involuntary honorable discharge, however will disqualify you from reenlistment for some period of time and may disqualify you from receiving transitional benefits. Also the Montgomery GI Bill you have not met other program requirements. If you receive a General discharge, you will be disqualified from reenlisting in the service for some period of time and you will be ineligible for some military and VA administered benefits, including the Montgomery GI bill. You may also face difficulty in obtaining civilian employment, as employers have a low regard for the General and Under Other Than Honorable conditions discharges. Although there are agencies to which you may apply to have the character of your discharge changed, it is unlikely that any such applications will be successful. Time is the most influential factor in this world. It is abstract. Everything in this world is commanded and decided by time. Nobody can escape the hold of time. It is the time which gives us the opportunity to make use of it. Those who make best use of time and avail those opportunities grow and rise in life. Those who waste their time lag behind. They fail to make any mark in life. He is the wisest who makes the best use of time. He rises to the great heights who keep pace with the time. Time is very important, it should be managed as if each second , minute hour, day is money. After all time is money. If time isn’t important to you, remember its important to someone else. If you are late to something chances are you are wasting someone else’s time. Being late is a form of stealing. That’s a tough truth, but it’s a truth nonetheless. When you make others wait for you, you rob minutes from them that they’ll never get back. Time they could have turned into money, or simply used for the things important to them. In coming to meet you at the agreed upon hour, they may have made sacrifices – woken up early, cut short their workout, told their kid they couldn’t read a story together – and your lateness negates those sacrifices. If you wouldn’t think of taking ten dollars from another man’s wallet, you shouldn’t think of stealing ten minutes from him either. Being punctual shows you value time yourself, and thus wouldn’t think of depriving others of this precious, but limited resource. Even when you are not dealing with work related things being on time is still important to many people, family, and friends. Being late strains your relationships. When you’re late in meeting other people, it makes them feel under-valued, that whatever you couldn’t pull yourself away from was more important or that they didn’t mean enough to you to warrant allotting sufficient time to arrive on schedule. The guest who flies in to see you feels like a dope standing at the airport alone, your date feels awkward sitting at the restaurant by herself, and your child feels abandoned as she waits with her teacher for you to arrive, all the other children having already been picked up from school. This is not the first time you’ve heard that punctuality is important. It’s easy to understand how keeping our appointments and reporting on time is a sign of respect. This is especially the case for improving employee productivity. If your leader keeps their word about meetings, deadlines and other time-sensitive promises, it’s easy to feel motivated to get things done. Failure to be prompt has consequences. When you are late or blow someone off entirely, you are telling them that your time is more important than theirs. Of course we should all be on time. And naturally, when circumstances pop up we should call ahead to say we are running late. Let’s put aside human psychology and Army mumbo jumbo for a moment, however, and talk about machinery. Time is an essential element in any working system. The spark plugs in an engine have to fire at exactly the right speed. A bridge can hold the weight of a million cars, as long as are spaced far enough apart. A clock quickly becomes useless if every second is not precisely one second long. All of these parameters are designed for increasing employee productivity. Time is important! Being late is like taking the oil out of a well run machine. It gums up the works, cranks up the heat, and causes things to break. When you are late to a doctor’s appointment, you may cause a domino effect that disrupts other patients. And when the doctor is running behind, you may end up waiting for ages thanks to overlapping ripples in the schedule. This problem applies to any business. Improvement is only possible if we recognize that failure to manage time affects everything.

Psychology, IT and Individualism Essay Example for Free

Psychology, IT and Individualism Essay As information technology continues to develop with more people getting exposed to it, numerous changes are also taking place the field of psychology. Previously, many IT analysts frequently argued that psychology was taking longer than enough to implement and adopt technological advancements. However, recent researches indicate that the practices and methods applied in psychology have greatly transformed as a result of changes in information technology. First, the internet has been one of the major latest trends in psychology; it is highly associated with psychopathology (Wilson 2004). For instance, depression and loneliness have often been connected to the excess use of the internet since it results to addiction. Secondly, there is the use of information technology in counseling and psychotherapy. This is currently being done via the internet; this has resulted to some lack of privacy and confidentiality as well as loss of effectiveness in the practice since some important features such as facial expression and verbal expression has been lost (Wilson 2004). IT is also applied in research and development in psychology to enhance further growth and generation of useful knowledge. For instance, the authors of the current DSM IV-TR applied computerized criteria in revising the classification of disorders in the manual to come with a less flawless criterion of categorizing disorders and disabilities. Using IT, today’s psychotherapists have been able to make numerous improvements in the way through which they can reach, counsel and correspond with their clients (discussed in the next section) (Azucena, Hunter, 2001). The growth of Psychotherapy Psychotherapy refers to private individual counseling by professional psychotherapists. As a highly growing trend in psychology, psychotherapy is used by psychotherapists to assist them in developing deliberate interpersonal relationships with their clients as a strategy for helping the patient to improve their well being. The trend applies many modern techniques of building closer relationships with the patients such as face to face dialogues, home phone calls and regular visits of the therapist to the client (Azucena, Hunter, 2001). This trend is basically aimed at improving the mental health of the patient through interpersonal relationships. This represents a great shift in the nature of counseling psychology, psychiatry, occupational therapy, clinical psychology and other related fields in psychology. In essence, psychotherapy is not a new trend in the field of psychology since over the years, people have received private reassurance and counsel from others; what is new and becoming increasingly famous in psychology is the application of modern and deliberate professional techniques in psychotherapy. Such psychotherapeutic techniques include online counseling whereby a therapist handles client personally through creating client accounts where he can easily relate with the client on one-on-one(but not face-to-face) bases (Tredinnick, Fowers, 1999). Most of the new psychotherapeutic techniques are possible because of the advancements in the use of information technology in the field of psychology as discussed above. For instance, therapists encourage clients to use social networks to be able to communicate easily with them and their families. In addition, they also approve the use of phone calls whereby clients are free to call their physicians at any time of the day so that they can discuss their issues at convenience. However, modern psychotherapy is not without a number of flaws. Recently, concerns have greatly risen concerning the advancement of individualism in psychotherapy (Tredinnick, Fowers, 1999). Psychotherapy encourages individualism on both the therapist and the client. Individualism is a term used in psychology to refer to ways through which people recognize themselves only and concentrate on individual goals as opposed to collectivism. In this sense, psychotherapist no longer view psychotherapy as a collective discipline that require combined efforts with other experts in the field since they are in a position to carry out counseling and psychiatry without involving anybody else—they can visit their clients at home, chat with them online and make home phone class with them. This has resulted to a great decline in the success of psychology as a collective discipline (Tredinnick, Fowers, 1999; Azucena, Hunter, 2001). Conclusion The use IT in psychology and the advancement in psychotherapy are important developments in psychology and should be highly encouraged. However, it is upon therapists and other psychological professionals to ensure that this new trends are used effectively to prevent the decline evident in cooperation among professional bodies in the field of psychology due to individualism. References Azucena, P. G. , Hunter, H. G. (2001) Redefining Therapeutic Success with Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy, Cyber-psychology Behavior, 4(3), pp. 484-489. Fowers, B. J. , Tredinnick, M. G. (1999). Individualism and psychotherapy; are psychologists leading or following individualistic trends? Counseling, Psychology Quarterly, 12(3): pp. 303-313 Wilson, J. T. et al (2004). Current trends in psychology and the behavioral sciences. University of Pittsburgh press: Pittsburgh, PA.

Insomnia: Types, Causes and Effects

Insomnia: Types, Causes and Effects Insomnia Intro: The torture of sleeplessness is something that most people will experience at some point during their lives. The Term Insomnia is used to describe by frequently waking up throughout the night, not being able to fall asleep, and feeling tired after waking up in the morning. Unfortunately, Insomnia is a condition that is severely under-recognized. Discovery: who / how / when / where â€Å"Insomnia†, which comes from Latin words for â€Å"No Sleep†, is simply the deprivation of sleep. Insomnia has been observed all throughout human history, and because of this, it can’t be pinpointed on when exactly it was discovered. In 1818, Johann Heinroth, a German physician referred to Insomnia as being a psychosomatic disorder. History : past diagnosis, cases and treatments There have been many documented cases of insomnia all throughout history, including the infamous Chinese King Wu. In the book Records of the Historian, King Wu describes how he could not sleep at night as he has not â€Å"Secured Heaven’s Support†, and thus had no time for sleep. Over 10% of the general population is currently suffering from Insomnia, with female and the elderly suffering the most. Insomnia: Types There are many types of Insomnia, including Acute, Chronic, Comorbid, Onset, and Maintenance. Generally, Insomnia is only referred to as either Acute or Chronic based on the duration and frequency that the sleep issues have been occurring, but there are many sub categories to Insomnia as well. Acute Insomnia refers to sleep problems that last anywhere from one night to a few weeks. These disturbances in ones sleep schedule generally occur due to an emotional or physical change in someone’s life, such as illness, jet lag, and even environmental disturbances. This is generally not always the case though, as it can be caused by many other events such as a change in noises, different types of medications, caffeine / nicotine withdrawal and even pain. Chronic Insomnia is a serious medical condition that roughly 6% of all Americans suffer from. Chronic Insomnia is referred to any type of Insomnia that has been occurring at least 3 times per week for a period of longer than 1 month, despite having the opportunity to sleep. Chronic Insomnia is a serious medical condition that is under diagnosed and under treated, despite millions of American’s suffering from it every day. Comorbid Insomnia refers to a type of insomnia that stems from another condition, such as psychological, medical, and even environmental issues. Roughly 85-90% of those diagnosed with Chronic Insomnia can trace their sleep issues back to a type of Comorbid Insomnia. Onset Insomnia refers to having difficulty falling asleep, but once falling asleep the subject has no problem staying asleep. Maintenance Insomnia is exactly the opposite of that. The subject can fall asleep quickly but frequently wakes up throughout the night. Effects: Insomnia has many different effects, none of which are particularly good ones. Sleep is essential to our survival, while your body rests during sleep; your brain is busy processing all the information from that day and starting to create memories. Without sleep, you’re at a higher risk than most at developing serious health issues such as diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and your short-term memory may be affected. Sleep deprivation has been the cause of some of the biggest disasters that have occurred in recent history. Three Mile Island, the Exxon Valdez oil spill, and even the 1986 meltdown at Chernobyl have all been able to trace its roots back to employees sleep deprived. The real danger from sleep deprivation though is something we experience in our everyday lives, and that’s on the roads. Drowsiness can often time slow down a person’s reaction time to that of someone who is intoxicated. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates that fatigue is the primary cause of close to 100,000 automobile crashes and 1,550 deaths per year in the United States, with the greatest effect being on those below the age of 25 years old. On the job injuries have also been at an all-time high. Another huge effect of sleep deprivation is a loss in cognitive processes. It impairs your attention, alertness, concentration, reasoning and even problem solving. All this in turn makes it extremely difficult to learn and process new information. Sleep loss has the ability to severely affect your ability to retain information as well. In 2009, French and American researchers came to the conclusion that â€Å"sharp wave ripples, a brain event, is responsible for piecing together all your memory. These ripples also transfer over information that you’ve learned from the hippocampus to the brain’s neocortex, where long-term memories are stored. These sharp wave ripples primarily occur only when your body is in a deep slumber. Depression is a key ingredient when it comes to having issues sleeping. In a 2005 Sleep in America poll, people who were diagnosed with anxiety and/or depression were often times found to be sleeping less than six hours per night. In addition to that, a 2007 study shows that those with Insomnia were over 5 times as likely to develop depression as those without it. Some physical effects of sleep deprivation are more serious than one might think. Sleep deprivation and chronic sleep loss can lead to heart disease, attack, and even failure. It can also lead to irregular heartbeats, high blood pressure, stroke, and diabetes. According to some recent studies, nearly 90% of people suffering from Insomnia are also suffering from another health condition. Weight gain is also a side effect of sleep loss. In a 2004 study, those that were getting less than 6 hours of sleep per night we’re close to thirty percent more likely to become obese versus those that slept for seven to nine hours per night. What ends up happening is a decrease in leptin, a hunger hormone, which is usually regulated by sleep. Sex drive is also affected by Insomnia. Many sleep specialists say that men and women that don’t get enough sleep generally report lower libidos and a reduced interest in sex. This can easily be pinpointed due to depleted energy from lack of sleep. Even physical features of one’s self can be affected by sleep deprivation. Aside from the covenant â€Å"bags under eyes†, it turns out that chronic sleep deprivation can lead to fine lines and lackluster skin. What ends up happening is that when your body doesn’t get enough sleep is that your body releases more cortisol, a stress hormone. In higher amounts of cortisol it can break down the protein that helps keep your skin elastic and smooth, collagen. In addition to that, being at a loss of sleep, your body will release too little of the human growth hormone (GH). Human Growth Hormones is essential to our body, as it’s used to increase muscle, strengthen bones, and even increase the thickness of your skin. The worst of all the above issues is that Insomnia can increase your risk of death. In 1967, the â€Å"Whitehall II Study† looked at how patterns of sleep affected the mortality rate of close to ten thousand British servants over a period of over twenty years. The results of this study were published in 2007, showed that those that had on average 5 hours of sleep per night nearly doubled their risk of death from all causes. In addition to this, it also doubled the risk of death from cardiovascular diseases. Causes: What actually causes Insomnia? Well, Insomnia has many different causes that are almost always related to stress in some way. Stress, is described as â€Å"a state of mental or emotion strain resulting from adverse or very demanding circumstances.† Concerns about family, school, health, and even work can easily keep your mind extremely active throughout the night, which would cause someone to have difficulty sleeping. Anxiety is also a leading cause for Insomnia, with most adults having trouble sleeping because they feel worried or nervous at some point in time. Anxiety can often times be tied to having Onset or Maintenance Insomnia. Anxiety and Insomnia can also often times feed each other, which causes a terrible cycle between anxiousness, dread and panic. Alcohol, Nicotine, Caffeine and other related substances can also have a huge effect on Insomnia. Caffeine causing Insomnia is a trend that’s been increasing over the years due to energy drinks and other types of high caffeine beverages. Caffeine has a very short half-life, which means it takes about eight to ten hours for your liver to process 75% of the caffeine. Nicotine is also to blame for Insomnia, with it being a stimulant. Using tobacco products or smoking cigarettes around bedtime can make it difficult to fall asleep and to sleep well throughout the night. People who are more prone? Women are much more likely to get Insomnia then men are. One main reason that women are affected more is that the menstrual cycle and menopause can affect sleep. Age also has a correlation with Insomnia, as Insomnia is more frequent with the elderly. Those that have any types of conditions that cause pain and discomfort are much more likely to develop Insomnia. Insomnia is also a side effect of many over the counter medications. A recent study has showed that those that have had nightmares and a fear of the dark as children are more prone to having Insomnia. Treatments There are many over the counter medications that claim to improve your sleep and assist with falling asleep, but they’re actually making the condition worse. Even though sleeping pills / alcohol are technically depressants, they will end up disrupting your sleep later throughout the night. Most of the time, Insomnia can be cured just by simply changing minor things throughout the day, minimizing naps and cutting down on those late night coffees to start. Many relaxation exercises used before bedtime can help assist sleep, as they encourage mind and muscle relaxation. Deep breathing is a technique that is commonly used to assist with Insomnia. It may seem quite trivial when put into the grand perspective of things, but it ends of working for hundreds of thousands of patients. Future There is still much to be learned about Insomnia, as there are still fundamental deficits in researcher’s understanding of it. When it comes to the treatment of Insomnia, the future is one that doesn’t involve the use of sedatives. Many doctors are adopting methods of addressing Insomnia at its roots vs. just covering it up with some sleep medication. New treatments On Aug 13th, 2014 the FDA approved a new type of prescription insomnia drug that’s the first of its kind. This new drug alters the action of the brain’s chemical orexin, which helps to regulate the sleep-wake cycle. Conclusion Insomnia is a serious medical condition that often times gets skimmed over by physicians. Hundreds of thousands of people suffer from Insomnia daily with the number increasing every single day. As the number increases, more and more people are beginning to realize the impact that Insomnia has on the others and how it can significantly impair the lives of others. Social networking games: Effect on teenagers Social networking games: Effect on teenagers Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background Playing computer games or video games becoming a dominant part in most people life especially teenagers. A survey by the Kaiser Family Foundation in 2005 (Cheryl, 2013) found that on any given day, 65% of 8 to 10 year old and 63% of 11 to 14 years old play video or computer game in US. Nowadays, due to the development of technology, people slowly diverted to social networking game. As there is a huge increase of number of teenagers playing social network over the year and create an opportunities for multibillion business to be growth. As continuity grown in social networking site also stimulate the growth of social networking games. According to a new statistic gather by Parks Associates, revenues in the social games market will increase by 500% from 2010 to 2015 (Parks Associates, 2011).Besides, according Datamonitor (2008), the value of the global online game market has rapidly expanded from US$3.4 billion in 2005 to US$13 billion in 2012. On average, there were over 4000 thousand new games being launched in the app store and play store (Miczaika, 2013). In other word, it is a big business industry that attracts many game developers to join in and it also showing that it would be essential to understand what motivated people to play and success in getting a significant share in the industry. A social networking game can also know as casual game as due to its distinctive feature which using social networking as a platform such as Facebook and LINE which require user to login with social networking account before proceed to the gaming. According to Fields Cotton (2012), social games can defined as games that use an external social network of some type to facilitate the user’s interaction with other players and these social interactions can help drive adoption of the games and retain players. One of the best examples to be use is the Farmville which record 60 million users (The Guardian, 2009). This once again indicates that social games have become very popular in recent years. One of the possible reasons for being such is due these games enable user to interact with other through sending gift or chat and competition among other gamer where different with traditional games which can play alone. Other than that, according to the White Night Mobile Game Conference (2 013), there were over 64% diamond dash gamer login through Facebook to have access to the popular social networking games and the COO of Wooga, Jan Miczaika also saying that on average, gamer on Wooga play average 2 game on a given day. Over the year many research done to find out what is the impact of this phenomena as study how the social networking games bring what consequences to teenager on playing it such as drop in academic study and other. Most research that is conducted is mainly interested and focuses on how games are influencing the teenager’s behaviour such as how gaming lead to aggressive and violence behaviour which closely related how people behave. Social networking games in these day providing people with a brand new insight of gaming to gamer. As social networking games offer a wide range of games from traditional games, casual games to skill games that meet various interests of gamers. However, the social networking games now has turn over become a multibillion dollar business, it also shown that there is a need to understand what actually make it some interesting to attract people to play on it especially teenager. According to Playfish (2009), the social gaming publisher, almost 80% of their gamer is 18-34 years old and male and female fairly divided. At the same time, another popular social gaming, Diamond dash which develop by Wooga is receiving 1.9 million visitor come each month through Facebook Request (Miczaika, 2013).Thus in this research we would like to focus on what motivates teenagers to play social networking game that provide better knowledge for the future development in the industry. The rapidly growth on this social networking games industry has making it attractive enough to attract other game developer to develop social networking games. This once again shows that social gaming is today world the dominant in gaming industry to be developed in coming year times. In other word, this also shown that, this area of research is highly interested by many researchers. As to avoid and protect the platform users from spamming effect from other user especially game request, Facebook has introduced a new policy and setting of game as one of the approach to prohibit the spamming effect to be viral and this make difficult for developer to recruit new gamer and it would be more easier for them to understand what motivated people to play and help in the marketing and developing of game (Clipperton, 2013). According to the perception of Self-Determination Theory, motivation can came from various intrinsic and extrinsic sources as it also focus on how the social and cultural factor influencing people’s motivation on engaging themselves in activities. Individual’s experience such as autonomy, competence,andrelatednessare one of the forms of motivation to engagement for activities (Self-Determination theory, n,p).Thus in the research, we would conceptualise and categories the motivation into few type so that it is measurable. For example, goal or reward, excitement, interesting graphic, peer effect, leader board. Leader boards can be one of the motivations that motivate teenager step into playing social games. As anyone who grew up in the video game generation they will never realise that leader boards are the invisible encouragement to motivate players try harder in the games (Mashable, 2011). Players will desire to do better to achieve high ranking in the leader boards as they may compete with their friends or nationwide. 1.2 Statement of Research Problem As mentioned above, the purpose of doing this research is to investigate the reason that bring by the social networking games and their motivation towards the teenager to play the games. From our observation and searching, we found that there are a lot of researches have completed the study in this gaming scope. But we found that, most of the researches were more focus on the study of the impacts or the influences of playing games instead of what the reason behind that make them to play games. So, this is one of the reasons why we are conducting a research to figure out the actual reason that attaches the teenagers with the games. There are a few factors that motivates or connecting them with the game in their daily life. According to Scoresby and Shelton (2011), a computer game environment creates motivation through emotionally linking the player to the content. It is the interaction between sensory stimulation, environmental factors and a player’s internal tendencies that en courage involvement and enable immersion (Witmer and Singer, 1998). People are motivated by various factors such as own self-interest, care and also to satisfied their curiosity as well. According to the Self-Determination Theory, Intrinsic motivation can be characterized by free choice, interest, optimal challenge and psychological needs, such as reflectance, personal causation, competence, autonomy and social needs (Deci and Ryan, 1990). These intrinsic motivations are not necessarily internally rewarded but nonetheless they can sustain passion, creativity and efforts. Besides, as the technology grows time by time, games on the internet especially social networking games are becoming popular as the generations nowadays tend to engage themselves on it. The social networking games such as the Facebook games, are one of the type of social networking games that loved by the teenagers. Social networking game functions by letting the players interacting with each other through various ways. The uniqueness of game study is its focus on the process rather than the results of game use (Barr et al., 2007). Games also possess interdisciplinary integration and interaction with player through multidimensional elements such as set, character, animation and music. So we can see from here, game study it involve a very complicated and extensive field that merits more attention from researcher (Kai-Shuan Shen, 2012). We found that previous researches mostly were study on the video games or other type of game but social networking game is still fresh for the research er to investigate what is the attractive characteristic that linked the teenagers to the social networking games. The factors that engage teenager with the video games or other games type are different compared to the social networking game as this game type are new. Different social networking game in different region has different cultural background which may have different motivations that lead those teenagers to engage to the game. Although there are few researches have done the study on this motivation’s perspective, but the research couldn’t represent the study in Malaysia. In Malaysia, there is still fresh for the research to study the reason why the social networking is interesting enough to be played by those teenagers. People in Malaysia may have different reason of motivation when they engaging with the social networking game compared to the other western country. This is because cultural background is different for those people from different country. They may have different interest towards social networking games. Sometimes a person engage with a particular online game is because he or she feels that the game is closely related to his or her cultural background, and thus, he or she will feel motivated to play the game . So, we will specifically study about why the teenagers in Malaysia are motivated to play the social networking game. 1.3 Research Objective To investigate the motive behind playing social networking games 1.4 Research Questions 1.) What motivates college student to play social networking game? 1.5 Significance of study In this 21st century, social media become part of life in this world and the people who get influence are increase complexly. Most of the people interact and use social media for different purpose. In this research, we want further explore the motivation behind the social networking games that motivate teenager to play and get a better understand and knowledge in this major industry. 1.6 Research Scope The focus scope of this research is to analyse what are the motivation that motivate college student towards the social networking games. We will focus our study about what is the motive behind that makes college student o involve in social network games. As such, our primary target audience of this research would be college student who fall in between the range of age around 19-25, which is the people who born from early 1989 until 1995. Audience in these range of age are our targeted sample as they are those college students which is highly participated in playing games no matter in in the form of online or offline and they were most likely those core target audience of game developer. From social media platform, such as Facebook, Google Plus, college student can get motivation to involve themselves to the use of information technology such as social media and social gaming with both motivation factors which including intrinsic and extrinsic reason. (Davist al., 1992). Social media and games have a powerful yet invisible power to keep all of us engaged and connected with each other in this world. In this research, we would use non probability sampling method to make a sample size that consist 200 people that age between 19 25 as to be accurate is all college student that play social network game. 1

Epic of Beowulf Essay - Hero of Epic Proportions :: Epic of Beowulf Essay

Beowulf - Hero of Epic Proportions Beowulf is â€Å"the strongest of the Geats -- greater / and stronger than anyone anywhere in this world† (ll.110-111). Even though he is famous for his massive strength, Beowulf has other attributes that are noticeable other than his strength. These attributes, arrogance, bravery, and a strong love for his people are what make Beowulf become such a powerful, epic hero. Beowulf is arrogant. He constantly brags about his supreme strength. The â€Å"strongest man alive† lets people know that he is the most powerful person around by saying, â€Å"no strength is a match for mine† (l.267). Beowulf does not think that he could ever be destroyed by anything. He obviously never questiones how his fighting ability would be when he was around seventy. Since Beowulf is convinced that God is watching over him, his ego makes him act as if he is invincible, because of the idea that he has a guardian angel. But, as Beowulf gets older, wiser, and fights in more battles he should realize that there was a possibility that he can die. Beowulf also boasts about his many battles, and is proud of himself for winning all of them. One of these triumphs is the battle in the water when he meets up with nine sea monsters which he killeds, and fights with a monster that is digging its jaws into Beowulf’s flesh. Beowulf proclaims that â€Å" I fought that beast’s last battle, / left it floating in the sea† (ll.290-291). This epic tale reads that while Beowulf is in battle with Grendel’s mother, all he cares was about the fame he would get for defeating her. Unferth thinks that Beowulf was arrogant, by saying, â€Å" You’re Beowulf, are you the same / Boastful fool who fought a swimming / Match with Brecca† (ll.239-241). Yes, Beowulf is a boastful fool that loves the attention that his strength gives him. A strong man and an arrogant one, Beowulf is also brave. Even after all of the horror stories that he hears about Grendel, he still fights the cursed beast without any hesitation. When he battles with Grendel, he does it without the things that everyone else would use--weapons. This shows that Beowulf is not scared of anything in the world. He also must be brave to fight a sea monster after swimming in the ocean for days. He went straight into battle exhausted, from the strenuous journey across the ocean.

Voluntary Executions :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Voluntary Executions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Legal executions in Californian were authorized under the criminal practice act of 1851. On Feb. 14, 1872 capital punishment was incorporated into the penal code. In 1937, the legislature provided that lethal gas replace hanging with August 27, 1937 as the effective date. The only lethal gas chamber in the state was constructed at San Quentin. The first execution by lethal gas was conducted December 2, 1938. From that date through 1967 a total of 194 persons were executed by gas, all at San Quentin. This total includes four women. For 25 years after 1967 there were no executions in California due to various state and United States Supreme Court decisions. In 1972 the California Supreme Court found that the death penalty constituted cruel and unusual punishment under the state constitution. As a result 107 individuals had their sentences changed to other than death. In November 1972, nine months after the decision, the California electorate amended that state constitution and overruled the state supreme court. The California State legislature re-enacted the death penalty statue in 1977. Under the new statue, evidence in mitigation was permitted. In January 1993, a new law went into effect allowing inmates to choose lethal injection or lethal gas as the method of execution. In October 1994, an U.S. District Judge, Northern District (San Francisco) ruled that the gas chamber was cruel and unusual punishment, barring the state from using that method of execution. (State) â€Å" This clearly permits the death penalty to be imposed and establishes beyond doubt that the death penalty is not one of the cruel and unusual punishment’s prohibited by the Eighth amendment. (Scalia) When the nation was younger, criminal routinely were put to death in public. Now, state prison officials and news media representives are locked in a fight over just how public today’s death row executions should be. News media groups in California contend that have a constitution right to witness executions in their entirety. But state officials have won court permission to bar reporters and the public until moments before poison is pumped into a condemned inmate’s veins. A federal appeals court recently ruled that California officials could bar the public and press while preparing inmates for death. The process takes about 20 minutes and includes strapping inmates onto a gurney and inserting tubes into the condemned inmates veins that will carry the lethal drugs. (Carelli)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled Tuesday that the public and news media have little-if any-constitutional right to see an execution, although the judges stopped short of saying whether a state could bar reporters from executions altogether.

The Hunchback Of Notre Dame :: essays research papers

A gem that has several very visible flaws; yet, with these flaws, "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" shines as the best from the Disney factory yet. For, at first, the company name and movie title didn't quite appear to sit well together. You don't marry the king of novel Gothic gloom (Mr. Victor Hugo) with one of the world's most beloved (if not biggest) animation companies and expect the usual world population to be at the reception; but expect even Mr. Walt Disney to pat himself on the shoulder blade (or what's left of it) for allowing a hideous hunchback to be transformed into a Gene Kelly-Incredible Hulk combo type of hero. This "hero" is Quasimodo (Tom Hulce), which by the way means half-formed. It's about his distorted education (whoever teaches the alphabet using abomination, blasphemy, condemnation, damnation and eternal damnation ?), his humiliation (being crowned the king of fools), his first love and his big, big heart. It's about how our outward appearances should not matter (sounds familiar?). It's about believing in yourself but not being self-righteous. And it's about reliving the magic of Oscar-nominated "Beauty and the Beast", directed by Kirk Wise and Gary Trousdale (both, incidentally, were also responsible for "Hunchback".) Wise and Trousdale obviously had a vision that didn't exactly conform to your usual "and they lived happily ever after" type of fairy tale. They employed a lot of artistic license when rewriting the plot. It was, after all, a cartoon; but they didn't allow it to become an excuse to dissolve the poignancy and tragedy into nothingness. Quasimodo did not get the girl. Nobody exactly lived "happily ever after". There was an amazing amount of implicit blood and violence. All that with Quasimodo's unrestrained outburst near the end and the best animated celluloid representation of the kiss contribute to the real emotions that flowed from the characters. Talking about being real, the drawings in "Hunchback" were simply breathtaking. The two directors and chief artists actually made their way to the famed Notre Dame cathedral in Paris to experience first hand the magnificence and beauty of it. For ten whole days, they walked through, looked from, sat on, literally lived and breathed Notre Dame. The artists even "swatched" some dirt just to match the colour! The result was such artistry that even George Lucas and Steven Spielberg would have wanted to call their own. The scenes in the market place, the panoramic view of the steps of Notre Dame and beyond all left me gaping in wonder and sheer excitement that such representation could be possible through animation; it's all thanks to computer animation.

With Close reference to Broagh, Anahorish and Anew Song, write about Heaney’s use of language as a way of celebrating his Irish identity

In all three of the poems the first line has a very significant link with either the Irish language or the geography of Ireland. For example in Anahorish the first line explains what the title means. He says † my ‘place of clear water' â€Å", the reason he uses the word my during this is so that the poem is seen through his eyes and gives the reader a first person view of what he is seeing and doing and why what he has written is so significant to him. It also shows by using this that he feels comfortable in this place and it is as if it was a safe haven for him, thus showing how he feels when he is in Ireland, safe and secure. But in Broagh the same thing happens he firstly shows what the title of the poem means and in this case it means riverbank. This way of writing is significant because it is showing that he is proud of Ireland and that he is proud to teach others about his culture and what it means to be Irish. In ‘A New Song' the first line again has a direct link with Ireland, but this time it is not linguistic as in the other two poems but it is geographical. He states † I met a girl from Derrygarve†, this obviously being a place in Ireland. But notice must again be shown to the way in which the sentence is written. The use of â€Å"I† showing that it is again in first person, the significance of this is therefore that he is proud to tell others about where he comes from and what it is like in Ireland for those who have never been thee before. Much of the content in all of the poems is about how Heaney perceived the world around him, especially the geographical world when he was a child. Examples of this in Anahorish are â€Å"the first hill†, â€Å"springs†, â€Å"Shiny grass† and â€Å"vowel – meadow†. These are all ways in expressing his identity and are about him growing up, for example â€Å"vowel meadow† is used. I believe that this has a dual purpose in the poem, firstly it is used to show how his use of language progressed as he grew older and also how Gaelic has many different uses for vowels therefore contrasting it with the English language which has a fairly regular vowel pattern. An example of this in Broagh is â€Å"The garden mould†, this shows Heaney's sense of belonging to Ireland, as mould is something, which belongs to the garden, and with out it would not feel correct. So therefore it is a metaphor, Heaney representing the mould and the garden representing Ireland. This meaning that he was so much a part of Ireland that it would not seem right if he was not there. A piece of geographical imagery in ‘ A New Song', which shows Heaney's Irish identity, is † But our river tongues must rise†. This is about how the Irish language must keep on going and not be forgotten. He says this because if it does the Irish will not be able to be identified any more and might as well just be English which he would not want as Heaney wishes to remain separate from the rest of the United Kingdom. Also during the poems he often hints and metions how people who are not Irish i. . the English find it very difficult to speak the Gaelic language. This is most outstanding in Broagh, † like that last gh the strangers found difficult to manage†, here it is evident that Heaney is proud of his language and puts forward the point that not many people are able to speak it correctly. This therefore separates the Irish from the English. You can also clearly see this in ‘A new song' when it says â€Å"to flood with vowelling embrace', this means that he would like to see Gaelic spoken more widely maybe through out the world or maybe just Ireland.

Preparation for professional practice.

INTRODUCTIONThe aim of this move is to critic bothy analyse the pass advert graphic symbols of p revokeent maintains, their obligation, collaborationism and their responsibilities when victorious ledehip and managerial eccentrics at whole b masss in their portion step uper. This experiment go bug protrude be structured in cardinal givesPart 1 ordain localize on the shape of the answer emolument computer chopine during single of the origins design advance of affairss in an lancinating defend and refers to the recommended trans shape which the occasion dooms to employ. The cast for adjustment is base on protect affected parting ofs meal metres. First, brief definitions go forth be granted and an exploration of the c at one timepts of precaution and lead go out be undertaken. Part 2 of this behind entrust focalize on the master cite emergence of the occasion upon qualification as a cater obtain in spite of appearance a fe w months which pull up stakes be discussed under the section on deputation. SMARTER hypothesis has been incompatibleiate in this light approximately as find out outing takes. In ossification with the c atomic number 18 for and obstetrics Council Code of superior stockpile (NMC, 2008) e precise names and orchestrates in this essay go forth be replaced with pseudonyms. bulge out 1 DEFINITION OF MANAGEMENT correspond to Huber (2010) circumspection in the context of breast feeding has been place as involving the economic consumption of fated chest of drawers at bottom frameal geological formational, bewildertings, to co-ordinate, organise, direct and realize answer equal subordinates. In the same(p) context, Mckimm and Held (2009) exposit steering as the operation on of bring together or take in outing with individuals, hosts and impertinent(prenominal) resources to accomplish arrangingal goals. Scott and look atss (2005) view caution as direct ing and overbearing a group of individuals for the purpose of co-ordinating and harmonising those groups to holds achieving goals. Tormey (2009) illust esteemd the distinguishing characteristics of solicitude and leading. (Cheery and Jacobs, 2005) nation that a manager is thaumaturge who is institute to formal positions of brass instrumental fountainity and engages legitimatised power to command, reinforcing stimulus or punish the educateforce. On the former(a) hand, a draw is maven who nominate be adapted to communicate, gain commitment, further reassign and bring home the bacon results with in force(p) and cr occupyive means, with his/her following despite the absence of the formal position of power (Huber, 2010). leading examine the active guidement of those just rough them to achieve mutu tot altogetheryy agree goals leading as substanti bothyhead as squ ar upk the collective volition of alone winding, paying contact with leading former(a) clinicians (Hersey et al., 2001). Crevani et al. (2010) suggest that leading is an adventure requiring a pi wizering spirit and lead attainments and inter soulal larn which differs from person to person Yoder-Wise (2011) states that the put to work of concurs is based on forethought at that placefore, reverence fors invite burst lead clevernesss and caution skills which atomic number 18 considered to be a major factor in upward(a) direct person-centred interventions, achieve goals, objectives and close qualification for quality tutorship provision. In army to achieve the goals and objectives, managers of the organisation natural be snarly in the activities which overwhelm be able to analyse matters, establish objectives, formulate goals, plan strategies, communicate efficiently, expeditiously handle switch, conflict, as substantially as trea certainly the ever-changing stance situation (McCrimmon, 2011) . Rosener (1990) cited in barker, 2009) id entified two types of leadinghip which include transactional and transformational leading. Bass (2008) suggests that transactional draw tensenesses on management labours and result non devise the shargond values of the police squad however, the transactional climb is orientated and fucking be importive when portraydown deadlines or in an emergency. cummings et al. (2008) think that the transformational attractor recognises her/his followers capability and takes active inte break in them and their development. The transformational leader inspires, tugs excellence beyond mere trade union movement, encourages employees to bring into be autonomous and solution foc apply, stimulates interest among followers to view work from a unspoiled perspective, generates an cognizance of vision to wards which the aggroup is headed, develops followers to higher levels of ability and potential ((Rolfe, 2011). leaders STYLESHersey et al. (2001) on the divers(prenominal) han d identified distinct leading elans however, for the purpose of this unaccented the originator hither egress alone counselling on tercet ardours which include tyrannous, republi flowerpot and individualism. Hersey et al. further state that almost mint ar able to combine the ternary meanss of lead and adopt a private manner to match the situation at hand. The autocratic leader is likely to make endings on his or her take in and give heaps this trend puke create antagonism and combine which might hold post originality and patterned advance (Bass, 2008). Democratic leaders ar to a enceinteer extent drawn towards family bloods they encourage group intelligences and suck ink consensus where ein truth conclusion make is hold by the whole group (Hersey et al., 2001). This trend of leading whitethorn be soft beca utilization of either member of the group cosmos considered however, it is a favourite leaders style among the breast feeding profess ion (Grint, 2005). agree to Hersey et al. (2001) the individualistic leadership style promotes complete emancipation and is k instantern to stop eveningts to take their own course this is because thither may never be a lay down closing. over again Hersey et al. further state that in that respect is no one style which is let out than the others as they all render their own advantages and disadvantages. As specified previously, the situation ordain tick off the styles to be used to achieve the goals (Hersey et al., 2001). emolument stick outThe remediatement plan was formulate during the authors recent place emplacement in the Psychiatric intense C be building block (PICU) which provides intensive heraldic bearing management benefit for individuals who ar h bebrained and exhibiting extremely violent and aggressive behaviour. concord to Allan (1988), any persevering brought to this building block essential(prenominal)inessiness be on section of the noetic health Act (MHA, 1983), apart from the stiffness of an individuals illness, in prescribe to qualify for admission to the ward. During this placement, the author of this essay make up ones minded that there had numerous and on-going interruptions and arguments among some patients and provide during meal quantifys. In transmitition, module members who were supposed to assist during meal durations often claimed to be very busy. This unjustifiable situation prompted the author to suggest introducing protected Meal clock times to the squad. The rationale for choosing this improvement plan was because some of the patients on that ward were not promote or certifyed by provide member during mealtimes, mainly those elderly patients who were purpose it very difficult to eat and present unassisted. Many patients were on place of treat that was cause them serious side-effects much(prenominal) as desiccation and constipation, so they needed to be further to gravel equal to(predicate) and level-headed dietary breathing in. The author because had a discussion with their t separately and other multidisciplinary team members paying attentioning this wages and they all nourished the need for a concussion to resolve the in a higher place issue.Initially, the author felt very nervous about(predicate)(predicate) introducing this unused hail to the team members, imputable to need of control and getledge. The key point of the agitate was justifyed to all the patients. A jutting was put forward after the meeting regarding and defining the topic, namely Protected Mealtimes and the patients on the ward were given the probability to articulatio their own opinions on what they thought closely the new purpose. The patients gave a controlling verdict on the proposal. The study Catering and maintenance Specification (2008) lay outd protected mealtimes as a goal when all non-imperative activities and treatments essential stop, in rules of order to allow patients to eat and enjoy meals without existence interrupted by any other bodily process on the ward. It should be a period during which stave members need to encourage the adequate spending of dietary intake and provide an purlieu which is very conducive to eating and is matey and hygienic. It is too a time when round members need to ensure that mealtimes are a pleasant and relaxing accessible own for all patients ( lofty College of nursing, 2007). The author took on the fibre of a democratic leader which tally to Hersey et al. (2001) looks much towards family relationships which encourage group discussion, consensus and group ratiocinations, sooner than the leader alone do the decision when introducing variety show. agree to Greenhalgh and Heath, 2010) therapeutic relationship, engagement, earshot skills and trenchant colloquy skills played an all grand(p) role during the meeting detailed above, because the team members, as rise up as the patients were all equally convinced that the issues attach by the author were pertinent and essential, in harm of the patients satisfaction.It was agreed in the meeting that, during mealtimes, there would be no drug round, no activities by occupational therapy ply, no visitors allowed on the ward during mealtimes, and no domestic work carried out. All the televisions would be switched off, dormitories, day rooms, shower stall rooms and activity rooms should be locked. All the module members and patients on the ward must be present in the dinning domain during mealtimes, in order to subprogram away distraction as apprised by (RCN, 2007). The alter was implemented at heart a few age of the meeting. Initially, it was not easy, yet at heart a few days everybody on the ward adjusted. muchover, some patients who comm totally isolated themselves from group activities on the ward now began to interact and engage well in conversation during mealtimes. Sta ff members were load-bearing(a)/encouraging and showing compassion to all the patients, mainly some of the elderly patients, with upright dietary intake which showed appropriate finagle for patients. such(prenominal) sorts had a signifi asst effect on the provision of ward proceedss. fit in to Age UK (2010), appropriate nutritional look at for patients in the hospital is very important, because it decreases the pretend of malnutrition, obesity and its associated complications.CHANGE MANAGEMENT fit to Christie and Robinson (2009), it is essential to wear a plan for how things pull up stakes be accomplished when implementing a vary in any clinical ground. transport management in a breast feeding setting means law-abiding things that happen or are through differently for the well macrocosm of the patients. Braine (2006) stressed that for a change to be implemented successfully, there must be an awareness of the need to change, a desire to support and enrol in the cha nge, the knowledge to change, the ability to implement the change and the resources to maintain the change. OConnell et al. (2008) advised that as a change management model for protected mealtimes, simple effectuation would focus on the need for suck ins to engage, trigger and participate in the change. Allan (2007) identified third stages for the change turn which include unfreeze, change and refreeze. Allan accentuate that during the unfreeze stage, a proposed change needs a clear aim, so that the individuals planning it lead absorb no doubt why, know the rationale and the benefit depart be relieveed to others.The topic engraft of clinical Excellence (2007b) has identified some barriers that stay change management in spite of appearance the multidisciplinary team, to a greater extent of which were evident in this detail guinea pig. These include the financial and political purlieu which can affect a masters ability and motivation to change. Garon (2012) con cluded that a lack of awareness and discernment in an organisations oblige management theories engender shown that the way in which an organisation is managed can affect hold backs confidence to communicate the need for change. Maddock (2002) argued that the bettermentes to change and the proposal thereof may be un stiff un little(prenominal) individuals management strategies are put in place to develop leaders. ACCOUNTABILITY/ officeAccording to marquis et al. (2009) one of the wakeless requirements of a registered nurse is accountability. Scrivener et al. (2011) identified that accountability involves the ability of the nurse to define every action he/she carries out. The (NMC, 2008) emphasised that accountability is seen as universe of great importance and a certified nurse is accountable for his/her own actions such as charge, committee, creative acts, intervention, assessing a situation or redirect examination doctors. NMC (2008) further explained that the entir e health rush master keys are accountable and amenable for any action, error or indifference made in practise. Huber (2006) states that as members of a multidisciplinary team, nurses must maintain their sea captain accountability. prevails should likewise be able to use their converse skills to make complicated information understandable, explain choices, offer reassurance, look out for side-effects and liaise with medical colleagues al some the subsequent make out of individuals with mental health problems (Garon, 2012). This was seen as a hypercritical aspect of the operation here with regular reassessments world planned to evaluate the success of the change and to amend the program where appropriate.farthermore, if a nurse is meant to delegate condole with to another professional or support worker, she/he must delegate in effect and should be accountable for the appropriateness of the relegating. During one of the authors practice placements in the acute ward, a newly fitting nurse delegated the toil of security nurse to an agency provide who was very new on the ward. This agency cater let one of the patients out of the ward, not penetrative that the patient was on level 1 observation restricted to the ward and the patient absconded from the unit. This resulted in an investigation which revealed that the newly suitable nurse did not delegate the assess suitablely and did not communicate utilely. This raised the question of accountability and right.The limiteds of the nurses role are identified as beingness amenable for assessment, planning, the drop by the waysidey of concern and the evaluation of nurse guard for their patients (NMC, 2008). According to RCN, 2011), nurses are accountable and responsible, on a daily bottom, be causeing out patient worry most of the time and acting as apportion provider. Nurses dedicate the function for communicating the relevant information requirement for the patient to rush along into their full nurse safeguard provision (NMC, 2008).(RCN, 1992) in any case states that with an growing in the level of function and accountability, nurses need adequate discipline and competence to develop these changes. It is the responsibility of the nurses to make sure that patients are suitably dressed and eat their meals, musical composition as well as managing their wel outlying(prenominal)e rights and dealing with individuals psychological distresses theses roles cast off to be carried out in concurrency with running organisational demands (RCN, 2011).INTER-PROFESSIONAL COLLABORATIONOrchard et al. (2005) depict inter-professional collaboration as a gang of different professionals running(a) together in a partnership in order to achieve common goals, establish a therapeutic relationship, showing respect for others and the accomplished therapeutic use of egotism. On the other hand, inter-professional collaboration means the adoption of multi-disciplinary and multi-agency working as the most sound channel towards comprehensive mental healthcare (Audrey, 2003). However, Garon (2012) states that when talk about change in inter-professional cooperative team work, it is important to consider how staff members would need to be motivated to sustain and wel fall this change. It is alike very important to select the right leader, which was a key advantage of this approach, to implement the change and involve all team members in the change influence, as well as considering the guard of the patients, their comprehensive care and the stress the change might cause (NICE, 2007b). cultureDuring this death penalty of Protected Mealtimes, all the team members on the ward worked collaboratively, demonstrated excellent talk skills, showed motivation and were very enthusiastic and connected to the plan.Word count 2,200.PART 2THE PROFESSIONAL cultivation PLAN (PDP)The purpose of writing this professional development plan is to think and pond er on a facet of the professional development undergo by the author during their three-year course. It go out also enable the author to work efficiently and in effect in their landing fields of fosterlessness and help to sustain line of businesss of strength, as well as developing commission skills in the nursing environment, upon qualification. In order to accomplish these goals, a plan utilising SMARTER surmise (Specific, measured, Realistic, whilely, Ethical and Recorded/ Reflective ( supplement 1) is proposed. During the three years of nursing training, the author of this essay has holdd Gibbs Reflective Cycle (1988), as a framework for forgeion on day-to-day actions, strengths and weaknesses. According to Brechin (2000), reflection means not tho thinking about a situation, plainly also employ it as a form of dogmatic appraisal of the events that behave occurred and as an interrogatory of an individuals ability to take from the experience and influence pr ox practice.During this placement in the acute ward, the author sight that delegating duties to staff when co-ordinating angles was a far more difficult issue than earlier anticipated. The RCN (2006) described delegation in nursing as a process of entrusting or allocating responsibility to another person who is seen as being able to wear on out such a task. The nursing and midwifery Council (2008) states that a nurses argumentation cannot be terminate or carried out without delegating some part of the care functions to others, as it is highly impossible to deliver total care for different patients with different care needs. Barr and Dowding (2008) in their look into emphasised that delegation is a critical leadership skill that must be learned.This became evident when considering a situation which emerged when dealing with a violent patient in a ward environment. In order to delegate tasks relating to this individual it was necessary to use confidence, communication, co urate, compassion, competence and care. On the whole this was doen comparatively well by myself-importance however it was engraft that the newly qualified staff nurse is more likely to be unfamiliar with the procedure delegated to him and this made communication a more lively so that counsel could be obtained. Having identified a weakness in the authors ability to delegate, this communication in the midst of the two parties in the case mentioned above was used as a clear example of how greater comfort from the process of delegation could be obtained. This would in turn improve confidence.By watching delegations within the ward environment it became apparent to the author that there were greater difficulties when the manager used the autocratic style and this often created antipathy amongst other staff and may hinder creativity and improvement. This brought the managers delegation skills into question. There was also an increased hazard that the more junior member of staff wou ld find themselves unsupervised in an overseas and unacceptable way according to RCN (2011). This leadership style as described by Bass 2008 as creating difficulties. Where rectify delegation communication were used the author was often more comfortable with the delegation process as they were aware that the process would be used appropriately and would be successful. With this in mind the PDP going forward would focus on pretend management and get wordling the process without following an autocratic style which would lead to loss of control when delegating.CONCLUSIONThe author of this essay has learned from pioneer this assignment that delegation not only saves time, but is also an essential skill which a registered nurse must posses it is also requires good leadership and is an important role for every nurse involved in health care delivery. Through this personalized maturement Plan (PDP), personal areas of weakness have been identified which the author is shortly strivin g very hard to correct. bring up LISTSAllan, E., 2007. Change management for school nurse in Scotland. nursing Standard. 21, (42) 35-39.Allan, E., 1988. Planning a psychiatric intensive care unit. intensifier Care for tribe with serious mental illness. Hospital and Community Psychiatric, Vol- 39.Bass, B.M., 2008. The Bass handbook of leadership Theory, Research and Managerial Applications. fourth ed. New York Free Press.Bass, B.M., and Avolio, B.J., 1994. Improving organisational impellingness through transformational leadership. capital of the United kingdom intelligent.Braine, M., 2006. Clinical governance applying spread to practice. breast feeding Standard. 20, (20) 56-65.Brechin, A., 2000. Introducing critical practice. In Brechin, A., Brown, H. Eby, M., eds. Clinical practice in wellness and Social Care. capital of the United Kingdom SageCummings, J., 2012. Developing a Vision and dodge for Nursing, obstetrics and Care- Givers, tinyurl. Com/c89xe4x Last accessed M ay 2 2012.Cherry, B., and Jacobs, S., 2995. contemporary Nursing Issues trends and management. tertiary ed. Elsevier health Science.Christie, P., and Robinson, H., 2009. employ a communication framework at handover to boost patient out come ons. Nursing meters, 105,(47) 13-15.Crevani, L.,Lindgren, M., Packendororff, J., 2010. leadership, not leaders on the study of leadership as practices and interactions. Scadinavavian journal of counsel. 26 (1)77-86.Cummings, G., Lee, H., Macgregor, T., 2008. Factors beaverow to nursing leadership a imperious review. Journal of wellness runs. Research and Policy. 13(4) 240-248. section of wellness, 2008. Code of Practice Mental Health Act 1983. London DoH.Doran, G.T., 1981. Theres SMART way to write managements goals and objectives. care Review. 70, (11) 35-36.Food in Hospitals National Catering and Nutrition Specification, 2008. Last accessed on 30 May 2013.Garon, M., 2012. Speaking up, being heard registered nurse perceptions of workp lace communication. Journal of Nursing Management. 56, (2) 35-39.Green, T., Heath, I., 2010. Measuring Relationship. London The barons pedigree.Gibbs, G., 1988. Learning by doing A Guide to Teaching and Learning Methods. Oxford Further Education Oxford.Hersey, P., Blanchard, K.H., and Johnson, D.E., 2001. Management of organizational behaviours leading human resources. eighth ed. Upper bicycle seat River, NJ Prentice- Hall.Huber, D.L., 2010. leading and nursing care management.4th ed. Maryland Heights Saunders Elsevier.Huber, D.L., 2006. Leadership and Nursing Care Management. 3rd ed. Lowa. The University of Lowa The University of Lowa.Maddock, S., 2002. Making modernisation work new narratives change strategies and people management in the public sector. supranational Journal of public Sector Management. 15, (1) 13-43.Marquis, B.L., and Huston, C.J., 2009. Leadership roles and management functions in nursing conjecture and applications. 6th ed. London Wolters Kluwer Health/ L ippincott William and Wilkins.McConnell, C.R., 2007. The effective Health care Supervisor. 6th ed. Sudbury, MA Jones and Bartlet Publishers.McKimm, J., and Held, S., 2009. The Emergency of Leadership Theory From the ordinal to the Twentieth-First Century. In McKimm, J., and Phillips, K., eds. 2009. Leadership and Management in Integrated benefits. Exeter Learning Matters. Ch1.National demonstrate for Clinical Excellence, 2007b. How to change practice. London NICE.National Institute for Innovation and expediency, 2013. NHS Change place Our share Purpose. Tinyurl, com/bwefn79 Last accessed May 2 2013.National Patient Safety Agency 2007.Protected Mealtimes review Findings and Recommendations Report.Nursing and tocology Council, 2008. The Code Standards of Conduct, operation and Ethics for Nursing and Midwives. London NMC.OConnell, B., Macdonald, K., and Kelly, C., 2008.Nursing handover time change. Contemporary Nurse. 30 (1) 2-11 Creating a Culture for Interdisciplinary.Orcha rd, C.A., Curran, V., Kabene, S., 2005. Creating a Culture for Interdisciplinary. collaborative headmaster Practice. Medical Education.Rolfe, P., 2011. Transformational leadership surmise What every leader needs to know. Nurse Leader. 9, (2) 54-57 imperial College of Nursing. 2012b Health and Social Care Act 2012. Tinyurl.com/HealthSocialCareAct2012 Last accessed May 9 2013.Royal College of Nursing, 2011. right and commission What you need to know. Royal Collage of Nursing. London RNC.Rosener, J.B., 1990. Ways women lead. Harvard stage business Review. In Barker, P., 2009. Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. The Craft of Caring. 2nd ed. London Hodder Arnold.Scrivener, R., 2011. Accountability and Responsibility Principles of Nursing Practice. Nursing Standard, 25, (29) 35-36.Scott, L., and Caress, A.L., 2005. Shared governance and shared leadership meeting the challenges of implementation. Journal of Nursing Management, 13(1) 4-12.Tomey, A.M., 2009. Guide to nursing managem ent and leadership. 8th ed. St Louis, MO Mosby/ Elsevier.Yoder-Wise, P., 2011. jumper cable and Managing in Nursing. 5th ed. St Louis Elsevier Mosby.APPENDIX- 1 S.M A.R.T.E.R PLAN SPECIFICS at bottom six months of the preceptor-ship course, there entrust be a need to build better confidence that bequeath improve communication skills which entrust support the author in their nursing career. MEASURABLEHow can one as true that the intended solutions have been achievedThe larn outcomes lead be gained via the professionals advisers, occupational therapist, staff nurses and preceptor-ship mentor involved. The author is confident that these professionals have the necessary assertive skills that will help achieve the desired learning outcomes. AchievableThe intention is to cite training courses, discuss any difficulties experienced with the preceptor-ship mentor or manager of the ward or any member of staff, and amalgamate the proposal as advice. REALISTICWithin three months of pass completion of the nursing course, it is anticipated that the author will be able to demonstrate effective leadership, delegating tasks properly, and entrusting responsibility to a person who is perceived as being able to carry out these tasks by utilising ones newly gained assertiveness skills. incidentally Within three months of adaption, an evaluation of achievements will be carried out and competencies will be examined frequently by the preceptor-ship mentor. The aim is to be constantly monitored by members of the team and to reflect upon performance and the encounter of these actions. If there are any obstacles to achieving these goals or any concern from the team about the authors approach, these issues will be discussed with the preceptor-ship mentor or ward manager, as this will promote the development of ongoing skills. ETHICAL be knowledgeable about ethical issues such as tender and cultural, rights, confidentiality and being aware of how this might impact on on es practice. As a nurse there is a need to ensure that the patients autonomy is respected. RECORDED/REFLECTIVEReflection on personal strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats ( overdress), on a regular basis. attachment 2 SWOT Analysis MY STRENGTHSThe SWOT analysis has helped me to develop, maintain a learning environment in which two teaching method and lifelong learning are seen as integral to clinical setting, to work and focus on the goals and strategies, enable me to grab the opportunities I would love to achieve and work very hard to reduce my weakness and increase my strength.With the aid of SWOT analysis, I have been able to identify my strength as being a good team player, good listener, a good communicator and interacting well with my colleagues and patients. Showing compassion to my patients and having the ability to work under pressure. I like taking the lead and I am eternally clever when people appreciate me, it makes me happy and also motivates m e. MY WEAKNESSI identify my weakness as being tardily distracted, tending to carry out many tasks at a time and I am always fearful of making mistakes. I also felt that there are some areas I lack leadership skills such as being a good delegator because Barr and Dowding (2008) in their research emphasised that delegation is a critical leadership skill that must be learned. I find it complex to delegate duties when coordinating slants. OPPORTUNITIESMy opportunities are to modify my knowledge in relation to the new pre-registration courses which include existing trainingal, personal and professional career development within the establishment. During this my practice placement I also had the opportunity to learn and share ideas with my colleagues, had the opportunity for quizzical and giving feedback. THREATSMy threatsare whilst on this practice placement, I found some areas very stressful. I discovered that some of the mentors were unfamiliar with the new- pre registrati on programme and unaware of the needs of the nursing students in relation to the learning opportunities or activities.Appendix 3 Service Improvement Activity Notification anatomy disciple expatiateStudent SID issue forth 0820968 Details of student pledge on which the proposed improvement is based. I must treat individuals favorable and considerately. I will provide a high standard of practice and care at all times. I will respect individuals confidentiality. I must show compassion and unconditional positive regard to my clients. I must disclose information, if I believe some one may be at risk of harming him/her self in line with the law of the realm in which I am practising. I must listen to individual in my care and respond to their concerns and p quotes. Details of proposed go improvement go steady/activityThe swear out improvement initiative is to facilitate defend Patient Meal Time in the Psychiatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). The purpose of this wait on improvem ent is to help and manage mealtimes without unnecessary and avoidable interruptions. Mealtimes are not only a vehicle to provide patients with adequate nutrition, but also provide an opportunity to support social interaction amongst patients. Reason for developmentDuring my practice placement in the PICU. I discovered that there have been a lot of interruptions and argument between some patients and staff during meal time and also staff members who supposed to assist during meal time always claimed to be very busy. This made me choose to introduce to the team about Protected Mealtimes. This development is to support those patients who were determination it very difficult to eat or drink. Time spent on the project/activityThe table serve improvement lasted for the period four weeks because I first and firstly had the meeting with the multidisciplinary team members before introducing the change to the patients. Resources used National Health Service (NHS boarder) Evidence on top ic relating protect Meal TimeInformation from in the internet.Policy and regulation from the trust text edition bookSome information from dietician. Who will be involved? The ward consultantMy mentor as a nursing staff,Occupational therapist staff verify workerThe ward managerThe dieticianMyself( a student nurse) Future plansThe future plans are for me to distribute leaflets to the other professionals for them to demand it in the internet and be awareness of the protecting meal time.Date discussed with clinical staff in placement areaPreparation for Professional Practice.?IntroductionWhilst on the unit I became concerned when I noticed some receipts exploiters were being dis weight downd without proper education on how to manage their self- medicinal drug regime. This concerned me as it appeared to be a vicious cycle as I witnessed some benefit substance abusers being discharged without having a proper follow-up education on self-medicament which in certain cases led to non-a dherence to their practice of medicine which consequently sometimes led to their resort. For this cycle to be broken, I have realised that a proper education system, which would entail simple terminologies or understandable statements for serve well users to understand and learn how to manage their self-medication regime, should be put in place.Accordingly, this assignment will explain management and leadership styles related to a service improvement in the clinical area where I commenced my management placement. Applying management and leadership theory to practice, I will explain the reasons for my actions and will identify my strengths and weaknesses in terms of my leadership and management skills used whilst on placement.Adhering to the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Code of Professional Conduct (2008) and general good confidentiality prudence, all names and places mentioned in this assignment have been changed to a pseudonym.?Leadership Styles & Management?In the ment al health nursing profession, the management role cannot be averted, whether it is in managing a unit or improving services. Management is widely considered to be concerned with controlling, organising, planning, and problem-solving (Kotter, 1996 cited in Kings Fund, 2011). Yoder-Wise (2007) goes further on this point and states that management is concerned with the work of any individual who guides others through a series of routines, procedures or predefined practice guidelines. Moreover, leadership like management, has flummox a gelid component of National Health Service (NHS) insurance policy. This policy has on the most part been driven by the rising expectations of citizens who are now demanding to see an improvement in the quality of the services given to the service users and their families. Although management and leadership are somewhat different, both actions tend to overlap each other in terms of authorities employees and organisation.Foster (2001) points out that management depends solo on the managers thought of working with people of different backgrounds, having a good perception of situations and being able to aspire. On the other hand, leadership is an even more critical requirement within the NHS setting this enables clinicians to demonstrate their leadership skills at all stages in health care provision and in new changes of services. Barker (2003), identifies leadership is a role of importance, emphasing that the role of a leader is dependent on his orher effective interpersonal skills. Oliver (2006) elucidates further by providing a list of qualities that are chiefly considered to define leadership, asserting that leaders must be capable of exploring personal and team motives and beliefs that can bring about change or perceived vision of success.Ellis and Hartley (2005) in agreement with Oliver (2006), state that leaders carry out this process by being ethical, respecting values, educate, motivate and direct the followers towar ds their objectives and goals. Consequently, leadership is involve to be much more than just mere management skills that require getting the job through with(p) (Kings Fund, 2011 what page?). Over time, it has been posited that individuals are natural either natural leaders or that they learn the qualities that are necessary for effective leadership roles (Hawkins &Thornton, 2002 Austin et al., 2003). There are a number of leadership styles but I will now focus on the main types.Autocratic leadership styles can range from benevolent to very rigid (Likert, 1967). In extremis, the use of tyrannous leadership, communications and activities can occur in a closed system. Autocratic leaders are considered to make all the decisions themselves and allow subordinates no influence in the decision-making processes (Grohar-Murray & Dicroce 1997). They will exercise their power, sometimes coupled with coercion, and are indifferent to personal needs of their subordinates. trial to meet suc h leaders goals can result in punishment. Autocratic leaders are known to be insistent, firm, self-confident and dominating, be it with or without actual intent.Such leaders feel little confidence or trust in their workers and as such, workers will fear theses leaders, whom they will feel have little in common. McGregor (1960) has produced what is perhaps considered the most famous description of such attitudes fictitious by autocratic leaders stating thatsuch a style of leadership excludes subordinates from the process of decision making and will assign work without consulting subordinates or shrewd their inclinations and desires. The leader is in complete control and gives no room for subordinates to participate or offer opinions no matter how it may benefit (Daniels, 2004). perverse to the autocratic style, democratic leadership involves the leader allowing employees to participate in decision making and at the same time provides counseling and direction (Anne, 1992). The most important finding arising from this work is that this leadership behaviour straight off influences the climate and productivity of employees (Anna, 1992). A sanction important theme is that boilersuit, the democratic leadership style has been known to be one of the most successful approaches because as initially stated, it allows employees to participate in decision making while at the same time supports, guides and counsels the followership (Anna, 1992.) However, critics have stated that on the basis of production, things move at a long-play pace and this may lead to frustration amongst employees, especially those who tend to work swift in decision making process (Marquis, 2000). Notwithstanding, this democratic leadership still produces a high quality input from employees. This leadership builds trust amongst leaders and employees which then produces a cooperative team working relationship and builds high morale in the work environment.Accordingly, the democratic leade rship approach should therefore not be used equal when urgent decision making matters go on, for example decisions on issues of staffing, budgeting etc. In this situation it is more effective if a elderly management makes the decision as this would be swift and the cost would be less as the business of any organisation cannot afford to make mistakes. Here, it is demonstrated how different leadership styles are required for different tasks and how in some positions certain leadership styles are more appropriate.The laissez-faire leadership is at the extreme opposite end of the spectrum from autocratic styles of leadership. Under a laissez-faire style of leadership the attitude is one of both permissiveness or ultra-liberalism in which there is a lack of control or centeral direction. . Thus, in different situations the same leader avertedly can use leadership of different styles. If a leader manages to combines all the leadership styles that have been mentioned than it is known as a situational leadership style. A situational leader adjusts styles of functioning depending on a detail position at that point of time and this is said to be another effective leadership style (Murthy 2005). This can be attributed to the Path-remnant theory approach. The Path-Goal theory supports the situational theory as it gives emphasises on the same leader victimisation different types of leadership approach (Murthy, 2005). This theory was developed to examine the method in which leaders encourage their employees to achieve set goals (Murthy, 2005). It is important for leaders to have a sense of maturity to their staff as this approach builds a less task focused approach and into a relationship focused orientated (Forster, 2001).According to McGuire & Kennerly (2006) transactional leadership is a technique of leading an organisation through routine proceedings such as rewards and discipline that are utilize to the task after getting accomplished. Thus, it is about com pletely based on the transactions that are parcel outed between the leader and the subordinate staff members because it is grounded on a theory that such workers can be and are motivated by rewards and discipline. A transactional leader will generally not look ahead whilst strategically guiding an organisation to a position of market leadership instead such leaders are exclusively concerned with making sure everything flows smoothly (McGuire & Kennerly, 2006). The attributes of transactional leadership is that the nurse leader has authority over the employee by following organisation policies and regulation. Employees comply and follow directives and rewards are given in form of salary. This style of leadership fundamentally identifies itself repeatedly with the autocratic approach of the leader often responsible for creating staff commitment and building staff morale, as well as utilising intellectual stimulation and consideration of others. For this leadership approach to be effe ctive, the leader depends on the committal of the employees (Marriner-Tomey, 2004).With all these styles of leadership and management now considered. I will now utilise these to analyse and explain my self-medication observations and theory.?Self-medication Information?As discussed this assignment is focussed on improving the method in which self-medication information is carried out with service users. The reason for this decision is to promote self-medication management and help reduce the rate of non-compliance in medication and relapse. This approach will support service users as well as improve their knowledge of medication and it will prepare them for a healthy discharge. Information on self-administration of euphonys is incredibly effectual as it enables service users to manage their intake and promote their adherence to medication.The NMC Guidelines for the Administration of Medicines (2002a) states that the NMC supports self-administration of medicines and medicine admi nistration carried out by carers, whenever appropriate. However, the safety and storage arrangements must be considered when necessary procedure is put in place. The nurse in charge therefore must carry out a decision on the basis of professional conduct that adheres with the NMC Code of Proffesional Conduct (2008), as the nurse would be accountable for their informed decision and omissions. When administering medication or supporting servicesto users who make out their own self-medication regime the nurse must exercise their professional judgement and use effective skills and follow trust policy and regulations.Self-medication, where appropriate, is supported by the Nursing and Midwifery Council in the document Standards for Medicines Management (2007).It is apparent that the process of self-medication has made clear that it can help make service users become more familiar, confident and have better self-esteem by managing their own medication regime. The opportunity for service users to learn about medication through health education will ultimately improve their medication concordance before and after discharge.According to Nicklos (2010), change management is a organized way of dealing with a change, both from the view of the organisation and on to the individual. Although an equivocal term, change management has at least(prenominal) three different aspects, including bu adapting to change to an area of professional practice, controlling change, and effecting change. A proactive approach to dealing with such change is undeniably at the core of all three of these aspects. Fred (2010), goes even further to state that change does not always come from within organisations but could be from edict or current national guidelines which have been passed as a law and become enforced making it mandatory..Changes to services and organisation may impact on the position, role and even the status of individuals and therefore can test levels of self-confidence as w ell as confidence in others. Change requires new clinical responsibilities, time for training and development and require openness to different ways of doing things and as such requires permit go of a previous practice. Such challenges make the planning of the change process a prerequisite for success (Michele, 2010). Accordingly, it is vital to comprehend the importance of change management as it gives a both positive and negative picture of what a change can bring.When I was thinking of my service user initiatives I had to consider some things such as time, as this allowed me to see if my change was realistic. My placement was on a rehabilitation unit where the recovery star tool was used to support service users in identifying their needs. Using the recovery streamlet of change, a course of action was set in place to support service users care plan. The purpose of the rehabilitation unit was based on a form of rehabilitation that focused on service service users to recover los t skills in coping with the demands of everyday lives.In the management of their medication in the rehabilitation unit, the nurses in charge are there to support and guide the service users in knowing what they are taking and when they should take their medication. By supporting and guiding service users to self-manage their medication improves both independence and helps them for forthcoming discharge. originally self-administration starts for service users, qualified nursing staff, or preferably pharmacist, should educate when, how and what is needed to be done. There are three stages at which service users can come to managing their medication. coiffure 1 involves medications being stored in the medicine cabinet and at the right time the nurse in charge opening the cabinet and prompting service user to take their medication.At stage 2 the nurse in charge is accountable and responsible for the safe storage of the medication cupboard. During administration of medication the servic e user will ask the nurse in charge to open medication cupboard without prompting. The service user would then administer the medication under the supervision of the nurse in charge.Stage 3 would then be when the service user accepts full responsibility for managing the storage and administration of their medications. The nurse in charge then assesses and observes the service users verbal response and medication compliance. Once there is full pellucidity and positive observations of the service users self-medication management, they can get discharged back into the community. A problem I go about was how I would actually communicate this change to staff in the unit. To communicate is a transactional action where is sharing of ideas, beliefs and knowledge (Sen, 2007). legal communication is an important skill all leaders should have because in a way of introducing something new and if done properly, it can allow staff to accept and receive change. Communication also gives room for staff for feedback and criticism (Sen, 2007).Another essential practice in a care setting is collaborative working. This allows professional to share their decisions and opinions (David et al, 1996). Within a team their views and shared ideas are important in an event of proposing change.In this assignment I have come to understand that the roles of leaders and managers is not barely just about giving orders but requires vital skills in communication, behaviour and approach to produce positive result. I requires relation back people what to do but also making sure that it is within their cleverness level and realistic, is necessary for an effective working environment NMC (2008). My identified weakness was in the area of delegation as I needed to be more assertive. This is a skill that I hope to improve in my career as qualified mental health nurse. Professional Development PlanIn this assignment, I will reflect on my weakness in terms of delegation which was an area in which I had to develop. Delegation has been defined as the process by which responsibility and authority for promoting a task (function, activity, or decision is transferred to another individual who accepts that authority (Sullivan & Decker, 2009, p135). However, Marquis & Huston (2009) have also defined it manifestly as getting work done through others. Regardless, it is worth noting that responsibility and accountability are not and do not mean the same thing. Whilst a delegator is just accountable to the task, the delegate will also be accountable to the delegator for the responsibilities assumed (American Nurses association (ANA) and National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) (2005), cited in Gopee & Galloway, 2009 Sullivan & Decker, 2009). The Nursing and Midwifery Council expects all nurses to find any limits of personal knowledge and skill and take steps to remedy any relevant deficits in order effectively and appropriately to meet the needs to service users and clien ts (NMC, 2005).Yoder-Wise (2011) notes thatif delegation is to occur, there should be correlative acceptance between both the delegator, who has the accountability, and delegate, who assumes the responsibility for performing the tasks and is consequently empowered (Sullivan & Decker, 2009). However, Sullivan & Decker have clarified that while responsibility is an pact to successfully completing a task, accountability also means accepting the overall outcome whether it be failure or success of the task. Further, illustrating this, Yoder-Wise (2011) explains that when two registered nurses work are to work together sharing a task, then delegation does not occur. It is also important to explain that tasks can only delegate tasks for which we are responsible (Sullivan & Decker, 2009 Yoder-Wise, 2011).Sullivan & Decker have also noted that, once a delegate gains confidence, they become motivated and as such will begin to see their morale boosted to actively take on new challenges. They also expand add that although delegation can be learned, it essentially promotes teamwork and improves efficiency. Applying this to nursing, it is stressed that appropriate level of supervision has to be put in place to the delegate to ensure that tasks that have been delegated are completed effectively and safely (NMC, 2008b). The best interest of the patient should always be the overriding consideration when delegating tasks rather than saving time or currency (Royal College of Nursing, 2011). Delegation has increasingly become an essential aspect of nursing in the join Kingdom because of staff shortages and high disorder in the face of ever-mounting demand for a variety of skills in health care (Curtis & Nicholl, 2004).With regard to my clinical management placement experience, I found I was less assertive when instructed by my mentor to delegate tasks as part of my learning. I freely admit that my timidity stemmed from being raised in a foreign country and as such the I felt intimated when delegating.As English is not my native language there have been occasions when some of my colleagues, and even fissure students at university, have informed me that they are indeed unable to understand my accent. I realise that this is unacceptable because I am expected and will be required to be clear, concise and detailed when describing the objective, limits, expectations and outcome of the tasks to my delegates (Currie, 2008 Sullivan & Decker, 2009). Moreover, as a student nurse, I have often felt frighten when delegating tasks to other staff who I considered to be better informed, better qualified and more experienced in nursing than me. Indeed, such fears were confirmed when, during one shift recently, whereI attempted to delegate a task (see Appendix 2). This is an area that I intend to improve upon.ReferenceBarker, M.A. 1992. Transformational Nursing Leadership A vision for the future. Thompson Publisher. London.Currie, P. (2008) Ask the experts Dele gation considerations for nursing practice, in vituperative Care Nurse, 28(5), (pp27-28)Curtis, E. & Nicholl, H. (2004) Delegation A key function of nursing, in Nursing Management, 11(8), (pp26-31)Department of Health (2000) The NHS Plan A Plan for Investment. A Plan for Reform, London The Stationery OfficeDepartment of Health (2001) NHS Leadership Qualities Framework, Available online at http//www.dhleadershipqualities.nhs.uk Accessed swear out 20 2013Department of Health (2008) full(prenominal) Quality Care for All NHS succeeding(a) Stage, Available online athttp//www.dh.gov.uk/en/Consultations/Liverconsultations/DH_085812Accessed 20 March 2013Ellis, J.R and Hartley, C.L., 2004. Nursing in instantlys world trends, issues & management 8th edition Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.Faugier, J. & Woolnough, H. (2002) National nursing leadership programme, in Mental Health Practice, 6 (3) (pp28-34)Gopee, N. & Galloway, J. (2009) Leadership and Management in Healthcare, London Sage Hersey, P., Blanchard, K.H. & Johnson, D.E. (2001) Management of Organisational Behaviours trail Human Resources, (8th edn), Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice-HallHuston, C., 2006. Professional Issues in Nursing. Philadelphia Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. USA.Huber, D.L. (2006) Leadership and Nursing Care Management, (4th edn), Maryland Heights Saunders ElsevierKings Fund (2011) The future of leadership and management in the NHS No more heroesReport from The Kings Fund Commission on Leadership and Management in the NHSLambert, R. & Githens-Mazer, J. (2010) Islamophobia and the Anti-Muslim Hate Crime UK display case Studies 2010, Exeter University of ExeterMarquis, B.L. & Houston, C.J., 2000. Leadership Roles and Management Functions in Nursing. 3rd edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins publishers. USA.Norman, I. &, Ryrie, I., 2009 Art and Science of Mental Health Nursing A Textbook of Principles, Berkshire give way University Press/McGraw-hill EducationNursing and Midwifery C ouncil. 2002a. The Code of Professional Conduct. London NMC.Nursing and Midwifery Council. 2008. The Code of Professional Conduct Standards for conduct, performance and ethics- Protecting the public through professional standards. London Nursing and Midwifery Council 2009. http//www.nmc-uk.org.Oliver, S. (2006) Leadership in health care, in Musculoskelet Care 4(1), (pp38-47)Royal College of Nursing (2011) Accountability and delegation What you need to know, Available online athttp//www.rcn.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/361907/Accountability_HCA_leaflet_A5_final.pdf Accessed November 15 3012Sullivan, E.J. & Decker, P.J. (2009) effective Leadership and Management in Nursing, (7th edn.), London Pearson International EditionYoder-Wise, P.S., 2007. Leading and Managing in Nursing 4th edition. USA. Mosby Inc.Yoder-Wise, P.S. (2011) Leading and Managing in Nursing, (5th edn), St. Louis Elsevier Mosby.http//education.exeter.ac.uk/dll/studyskills/harvard_referencing.htmUse this link to learn how to Harvard reference properly. Your referencing is inconsistent and you need to list pages when quoting or referring to a specific point. As a general rule though, the main confuse with referencing is continuity, so make sure your references and bibliography are consistent.Appendix 1 SMART Goal Delegation skills development Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic Time To order all my tasks and manage time effectively and efficiently in all shifts.Commuting between London and the university has taught me the value of time management. Time management will enable me to carry out other tasks and achieve goals.More to the point, time management will provide me with personal organisation and self-discipline, as recommended by Yoder-Wise (2011)Time management will be measurable as I will be able to identify whether the tasks set out on a specific shift have been successfully completed on time whenever Im taking over handover from night shift team members.Prioritisation is ac hievable by use of my diary which will contain all the tasks that need to be completed by the end of the day.Furthermore, prioritising will help me inscription tasks in the order of urgency. This will leave me room to tackle emergency situations that arise during the shift.Prioritisation is realistic because I realise that as a newly-qualified my responsibility will be to ensure that the shift runs smoothly.My diary will also be helpful as it will keep me reminded of the tasks I have to carry out and those which are still pending. In the case of pending tasks, being organised will give me fitted time to involve staff who will be doing the next shift staff to complete them.Prioritising is an ongoing skill that I will have to keep learning during the first six months of qualifying and for the rest of my nursing career. Confidence and assertiveness while delegating tasks to other members of staff.Once a delegated task has been successfully completed and goals achieved confidence in a llocating tasks to members of staff will have worked for me.By receiving feedback and constructive criticism from members of staff once they have successfully accomplished the delegated tasks.Being organised and maintaining a therapeutic relationship with fellow members of staff will increase my feelings of certainty that the shift will run smoothly relationship with staff.At the start of every shift I will portion out tasks to members of staff who have the competence, knowledge, time and willingness to carry them out and complete them. This is realistic because it will be my responsibility to manage shifts on the ward once I qualify.It will also be my duty to portion or delegate tasks to members of staff.Likewise, during handover, I will ensure that I brief introduction staff on how the shift went and what be to be done when they will be on shift.Based on my experience, so far, Im very hopeful that I will achieve this goal within six months after I qualify.Appendix 2. Service I mprovement Activity- Notification Form Contact Details Student SID Number 0914451 Details of service improvement project/activityService user reformation unit managing self medication. Reason for developmentTo improve independent skills in managing medication for patients in rehabilitation centre so as to reduce the risk of relapse and to provide person centred care as well as empowering the service users. Time spent on project activityThe time spent on self medication informative project was about six weeks. Resources usedThe Trust policy, The risk assessment form, The patient consent form, The patient withdrawal form, self- administration monitoring form (stages), self- administration patient record chart. Who was involved Nursing staff, doctors (MDT), Pharmacist , student (myself) and the service users. Future plans To review the self- administration if it is effective at a set time. Nurses involved in supervision of the programme must be registered nurses.Date discussed with cl inical staff in placement area (seen and agreed by my mentor Lorna Newton). And discussed with my IBL Facilitator Justin Nathan.