Intimate Partner Violence And Sexual Abuse - 2163 Words

Introduction Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is one of the many public health problems that currently affects people around the world, across the country and within our own communities. Sexual abuse, physical abuse as well as the psychological abuse are some examples of violence experienced by individuals in some relationships, which are the results of the violence perpetrated by either the current or the former partner. Although intimate partner violence is a very serious problem, it can be preventable. IPV does not discriminate as it occurs among married couples, those engaged or that are in any other type of intimate relationship. Both genders can, therefore, be victims or perpetrators of intimate partner violence. This paper seeks to address the various forms of violence with regards to intimate partner violence and with particular consideration of same-sex relationship. Background Intimate partner violence occurs among partners who are in a relationship. Such partners can either be married, engaged, and or dating and in either heterosexual or same-sex relationships. Both, male and females, can either be the victim or the perpetrator of such horrific episodes of violence against their partner. Women, for instance, are very aggressive and violent in self-defense while men, on the other hand, are most likely to engage in cycles of abuses and thus the notion that they are more violent and particularly against women (McLennan MacMillan, 2016). Same-sex marriage is stillShow MoreRelatedIntimate Partner Violence And Sexual Abuse2150 Words   |  9 Pages â€Å"Intimate partner violence† (IPV) not only includes spousal abuse (as does â€Å"domestic violence†), but also extends to unmarried, cohabiting, and same-sex couples. Moreover, IPV, is also not restricted to physical abuse; threats of physical abuse, or sexual abuse, and emotional abuse are all considered different forms of intimate partner violence. Intimate partner violence is a major public health concern in the United States that often results in terrible consequences for victims, families, andRead MoreIntimate Partner Violence And Sexual Abuse Essay1080 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom intimate partner violence are more likely to be parents who mistreat their own children. The explanation that links these two together is dissociation, which allows parents who are abusers to remain distant from and minimize sympathy toward their victims. Additionally, there is a higher rate of dissociation disorders among intimate partner violence survivors and perpetrators. The objective of the study performed by Webermann, Brand, and Chasson in 2004 was to see how prevalent intimate partnerRead MoreIntimate Partner And Sexual Violence1555 Words   |  7 PagesNational Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence 2010 survey, will provide statistical information on victims who experienced one or more violent crimes from their husband, wife, boyfriend or girlfriend. These crimes arrange from stalking, rape, to physical and mental abuse. It will examine the impact of intimate partner violence on gender, race, and ethnicity. This report will give an overview of health consequences and the implications for prevention for Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence. LastlyRead MoreThe Effects Of Intimate Partner Violence On Children1469 Words   |  6 PagesEffects of Intimate Partner Violence on Children Just about everyone out there can say they know someone who has been affected my intimate partner violence. Or most often they have been a victim themselves but the point is intimate partner violence is so widespread that it has often been referred to as an epidemic. Most dictionaries roughly define the word epidemic as affecting many people at the same time or a rapid increase or spread in the occurrence of something. That right there can easily beRead MoreIntimate Partner Violence And Domestic Violence1098 Words   |  5 PagesREMINGTON COLLEGES INC. Intimate Partner Violence Domestic violence Cheyannica Newson 12/16/2014 â€Æ' What is intimate partner violence? Intimate partner violence is when a partner is physical and sexually abused. Intimate violence can occur among heterosexual or same-sex couples. Twenty seven percent of women and nearly 12% of men in the United States have experienced contact sexual, violence, physical, or stalking by an intimate partner (Prevent Domestic Violence in Your Community, 2014)Read MoreDomestic Violence Effects On The United States Of America Essay1321 Words   |  6 Pages Domestic violence effects every nationality from the poor to the young spreading through generations of every culture. Domestic abuse is a growing problem that affects millions of people in all types of relationships. The emotions that accompanies through domestic violence causes pain through physical assaults and long lasting psychological trauma. The long extensive abuse leads to death. There are several areas of domestic violence. In this comparison study I will identify and describe fourRead Mo reSexual Violence And Sexual Abuse1153 Words   |  5 Pagesphysical signs of abuse are signs of being in an abusive relationship. Domestic abuse, battering, and spouse abuse are commonly used terms that reflect having complete and utter control and power. These types of abuse have formed a named to sum the types of abuse. Which is called, â€Å"Intimate partner violence (IPV) (also called domestic violence, battering, or spouse abuse) is violence commented by a current or former spouse, opposite-sex cohabiting partner, same-sex cohabiting partner, date, or boyfriendRead MoreThe Society We Currently Live In Is Infused With Aspects1451 Words   |  6 Pagesnot least, domestic abuse/ Intimate partner abuse. Though there are many important social problems that influence society, I will focus on the aspect of domestic abuse and intimate partner abuse. Domestic abuse is defined as the act of one individual controlling their spouse or intimate partner using fear, intimidation, or violence (Tina de Benedicts, Jaelline Jaffe, Jeanne Segal). Most people automatically think of sexual and physical abuse when they think of domestic violence however, there areRead MoreA New Movie Coming This Fall983 Words   |  4 Pagescoming this fall has everyone talking. A tall, dark and handsome stranger meets the shy, innocent sweetheart. It s the classic story: boy meets girl, boy loves girl... Boy abuses girl? The Fifty Shades of Grey book trilogy and soon to be released movie have become a global phenomenon, but the underscore of intimate partner violence in the book has gone greatly unnoticed. Labelled as â€Å"mommy porn,† the book series has been one of the first BDSM erotica novels to reach the mainstream. The series has broughtRead MoreViolence Has Long Been A Way Of Life871 Words   |  4 PagesViolence has long been a way of life in the United States. Violence is how the West was won, some would say. Some believe there can be no peace without violence. When intimate partners are the ones being violent to an already concord and settled land the state of the nation suffers economic back lash from social planning prevention to the strain on the health care system and holds the victims to a lower standers with social stigma of helplessness. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is threatened or

Public Health And Social Justice Essay - 718 Words

In public health, as in many fields there are a set of conundrums that practitioners, leaders and law makers have to address in order to provide the most appropriate service to their populations. One of these conundrums is the battle between what is good for the community vs. what is good for the individual. This topic will be broken up to the community vs. the individual, and discussed based on research done by Kass et al, and Oriola, and will be concluded by presenting possible solutions. Public health views social justice as the fields core value, this value causes two moral instincts: to advance human well-being by improving heath, and by focusing on the needs of the individuals, namely the disadvantaged (O’Guston). By working to improve the well-being of all, and to provide for the needs of the disadvantaged, though programs such as seat-belt campaigns, enclose public area smoking bans, and the advocation for consumption of healthful foods, lines are smeared in the realm of civil liberty protection, and a fight for justice is created. The Federal, State and Local public health agencies must work together to produce a clear message that is supported on all levels in order to have the greatest impact on populations. All levels of government battle the lines of providing for the good of the community vs. the population. Here we will discuss the community. This is brought to light in Taiwo A. Oriola’s paper titled â€Å"Ethical and Legal Analysis of Policy Prohibiting TobaccoShow MoreRelatedPoverty, Equity, Human Rights, And Health1390 Words   |  6 Pageshuman rights, and health with an overview of the links between them; the history of past global efforts; and five recommendations to the health sector to focus its resources to gain maximum impact. Their paper stands on the shoulders of well-established research and theory. It is well established that there is a link between poverty and poor health, including decreased morbidity and mortality (Irwin Scali, 2007; Wagstaff, 2002). Likewise, that the cycle of the determinants of health can be broken byRead MoreHealth Care For Social Justice879 Words   |  4 Pagesengage those issues to become advocates for social justice. Health care nu rses collaborate to identify strategies for incorporating social justice aims into their work environment (Johnstone, 2011). As a public nurses, there has been many researches to address vulnerability, diversity, health literacy, health care access, health care disparities and issues of particular populations such as ethnic and racial minority health, gay and lesbian health and the health of children, women and older adults (JohnstoneRead MoreSocial Justice And The Universal Declaration Of Human Rights1148 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Social justice is a long debated subject that continues to prove controversial and divisive all over the world. Opinions on what constitutes social justice vary on a continuum from more conservative opinions which note individual responsibility to a more liberal stance which promotes a moral responsibility to support social equality (Mapp, 2008). Despite the varying opinions of what establishes social justice, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) serves as the first stepRead MoreThe Medicalization of Deviance and Overview of Mental Health Courts1716 Words   |  7 Pagesexpanded as medicine has become the main response to deviance through the use of therapeutic social control. Medicalization is referenced to in criminal justice as one of the ways of explaining deviance and is used to determine the responsibility of an offender. Deviance characterizes behaviors and actions that violate social norms and is seen as having an illness or a disease needing treatment. Therape utic social control uses medicine and science as a treatment of deviance. Medicalization of devianceRead MorePublic Health Reaction Paper1008 Words   |  5 Pages2012 (a) Public health is preventing injury and disease, prolonging life and protecting populations by promoting health through product safety and in physical, social and economic environments. Responsibility for promoting the health of the public is shared between the government and communities. Public health focuses on the health of populations, rather than individuals. It is concerned with wide-ranging strategies that concentrate on the prevention of injuries and disease. Public health in the 20thRead MoreThe And Public Health Policies1323 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen assumed by the vast majority of health care experts that everyone knows the guiding principle of ethics in healthcare. Everyone agrees that this guiding principle has the solid endorsement of the majority of the population. These presumptions are accepted with almost no contention or debate. In Justice in Medicine and Public Health, Rosamund Rhodes argues that â€Å"no single conception of justice explains the array of br oadly endorsed medical and public health policies.† This thought challengesRead MoreMorality, Paternalism, And Justice : Ethical Priorities1500 Words   |  6 Pages Critique #1: Autonomy, Paternalism, and Justice: Ethical Priorities in Public Health Olawale Akinbobola The University of Memphis School of Public Health PUBH 7180 – Fall 2017 Within public health, the issue of paternalism has become a controversial topic. Broadly, paternalism is defined as the interference of a state or individual with a subordinate overpowering the will of the subordinate, claiming the subordinate will be better off (Dworkin, 2017). Autonomy is the right of an individualRead MoreHsm 315 Healthcare701 Words   |  3 PagesThe Concepts of Market Justice and Social Justice James R. Freehahn HSM 315 The American Healthcare System Instructor Dr. Cheryl Chance, PhD. February 27, 2015 The Concepts of Market Justice and Social Justice Introduction In this paper, I will describe the concepts of market justice and social justice, explain how the two principles complement each other and in what way they conflict in delivery of health care in the United States. Secondly, I will discuss how health care is rationed inRead More Education and Awareness Will Promote Environmental Justice Essay example1498 Words   |  6 PagesPromote Environmental Justice The goals of this environmental justice conference are stated simply: firstly, to explore whether racial minorities and the poor are being environmentally victimized, and secondly, to evaluate public policies that promote environmental fairness. Each speaker provided insight and information from their respective area of expertise. Led by keynote speaker Dr. Bunyan Bryant, they drew upon the realms of academic investigation, government and public policy, sociology,Read MoreImproving Health From An Early Age1140 Words   |  5 Pages Improving health is about a lot more than just getting sick. We look upstream for the factors that influence health from an early age. We know it s partly where you live, and school and also having access to health care. We will never go to solve this puzzle, especially for people of color, until we deal with another piece the justice system. It turns out, our justice system is terrible for our own health. It affects more people than you might think. Weà ¢â‚¬â„¢re at the point where an 18-year-old male

Geography Bangladesh Coursework Free Essays

string(111) " of the land is in the colour blue, meaning it is very close to sea level, increasing the chances of flooding\." To what extent does the Physical Environment of Bangladesh determine its level of development? What efforts could be made to reduce the country’s problems? The aim of this coursework is to investigate how Bangladesh’s Physical environment is affecting the rate of the development of the country. Furthermore, to explore what efforts could be made to reduce the country’s problems. [Section 1] To what extent does the Physical Environment of Bangladesh determine its level of development? Bangladesh is situated in South Asia. We will write a custom essay sample on Geography Bangladesh Coursework or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is surrounded by India, and borders Burma. The population is roughly 150 million people; 45% of it’s population is in poverty. The minority of the population of in Bangladesh are located in Dhaka, the capital city, Chittagong and Khulna; most of the population are located in rural areas. The main river running through Bangladesh is the Ganges-Brahmaputra. This river is the main cause of the issues in Bangladesh. Monsoons occur every year, without fail, causing the country even more problems. Only 40. % of the adult population are literate, and only 21. 6% of children have secondary education. The government are continually trying to solve the problems, but this is unsuccessful as a result of the country’s poor wealth. Bangladesh is 49. 8% below the poverty line referring to its wealth, and its rapid population growth hinders the development of the country. There are many reasons why Bangladesh is an LEDC. The main reason for this, is the flooding which occurs every year as a harsh result of the monsoons, prohibiting the speed of development. The river Ganges-Brahmaputra is seen as an ‘untameable’ river, which changes its form very frequently. This causes disaster in itself as it destroys many parts of Bangladesh’s fertile land which is at is best by the river. As a result of this, there are a lot of homes located along the river as it is a main source of water for everyday life, and to provide jobs such as farming and agricultural work. As a result of this, the continuous building and rebuilding of communities uses time and money, consequently slowing down the progression of the country. Another reason for Bangladesh being an LEDC is a consequence of its highly dense population. This would not be a problem if money was sufficient in Bangladesh, but the country is poor, meaning it cannot provide for its large number of inhabitants. Finally, the aid given to Bangladesh by other countries can be useless, for example, much of the money aid given to the Bangladeshi government, are loans. When the country cannot afford pay back the loans, Bangladesh is in more and more debt, meaning the development of the country is decelerate. Furthermore, most of the other aid given to the country does not help the poor, continuing poverty; highly-skilled experts can be expensive, again spending the money the government do not have; charities can be influenced by the people who support them, therefore the aid given may to be teach a certain subject, whereas simple life skills may be of more use; and fi- nally, the aid may be given to individuals, rather than communities which would be more useful. Bangladesh is between stages 2 and 3 in development. The country is poorly educated, meaning families are stuck in a poverty circle. This is when a family are poor, they have many children because the majority of them will die due to disease and malnutrition. The family need the surviving children to work to provide for the family, and to look after the parents when they are old. Then the children have children, who will do the same for their parents. This is a vicious circle which is extremely hard to get out of. Another reason why Bangladesh is in between the stages 2 and 3 is because of the floods, continually destroying parts of the country, and their valuable crops which help to provide many, many families with income. Furthermore, the money aid given to the country is usually in the form of loans; when the country is unable to repay these loans, they get into serious debt. The reason Bangladesh is in the development stages between 2 and 3 is as a result of a combination of factors. (Data from 1989. ) The employment structure in Bangladesh is very different from here in the UK. In the UK, just 7% of the population are unemployed; whereas in Bangladesh, 25% of the population are unemployed. Of those who are employed, 75% work in agricultural jobs such as, farming the fertile land. In the UK, only 2% of the population are employed for agricultural positions. % of the Bangladeshi population are working for the industry, and 20% of the UK work for the industry. 78% of the employed population in the UK are working in services, and just 19% in Bangladesh. This data shows that Bangladesh are still very much relying on the old way of life, working on farms for example, while most of the population in the UK are working in jobs such as policemen/women. This also implies that if the land is damaged, or crops do not flourish successfully as a result of the flooding, almost four fifths of the population suffer from an immense fall in their income. This is a major reason contributing to why Bangladesh’s physical environmental is such an impact on the stage of development. Bangladesh do have another way of making money though. They export some goods, mainly to the US. The main exports are fish products, textiles, clothing and jute (a type of woven material). This brought in $1,305 million to Bangladesh in 1989. Bangladesh is situated in Asia. It borders Burma, and is surrounded by India. The land in Bangladesh is mainly floodplains and delta; suggesting that there would be a high level of flooding in the country, slowing down any development of the area. As we can see from the map, (below), most of the land is in the colour blue, meaning it is very close to sea level, increasing the chances of flooding. You read "Geography Bangladesh Coursework" in category "Papers" Also, there are many swampy locations liable to flooding. The majority of the country is up to just 10 meters above sea level. The country is flat, also meaning when large amounts of flooding by the large and main rivers occur, the water would spread out quickly, therefore this would affect vast areas of the country, rather than just secluded areas. The main rivers flowing through Bangladesh are the River Brahmaputra, the River Meghna and the River Ganges. This, therefore, affects a huge number of the people, as when the rivers flood, the rivers are close together, increasing the volume of the flood water, and increasing the impact on the Bangladeshi society. As a result of the country being mainly floodplains and the four main rivers running through, building on the plains would be unconstructive and a waste of valuable money, this meaning the development of the country is very limited, due to the physical features of Bangladesh. The climate in Bangladesh is split into three main phases; the hot season, the cool season and the rainy season. The hot season is between March and June. The cool season is between November and February, and the rainy season is between June to September. The hot season is known to consist of some heavy showers. Depending on the area, the amount of rainfall throughout Bangladesh in the rainy season, ranges between 200cm and 300cm; the north tends to have the most rain. During this season, tropical rainstorms occur also. These can cause very strong winds and more heavy rain. The wind spreads the flood water out more over many miles, causing excess flooding, prohibiting development of the country further. The temperatures in Bangladesh are fairly consistent. The temperatures do drop during the winter, but on average, do not fall to below 10 degrees Celsius. In the summer, the temperatures reach their highest during April and May. These temperatures are roughly 34 degrees Celsius. The annual monsoons have devastating effects on the people of Bangladesh. Firstly, the floods have destroyed many of the Bangladeshi people’s homes and many communities, leaving some dead, and some badly injured. Aid has to be called for as the country cannot support itself alone, meaning they have to rely on others. Another effect is that cattle are stranded and worse, drowned in the floods. This means farmers are losing valuable ‘tools,’ consequently loosing money as a result. Furthermore, the water will become stagnant and cause things to rot, attracting vermin, eventually spreading disease. In addition to this, homes and building vital for development of the country will be destroyed, bringing development back to square one every time there is a major flood. As we can see, there is a huge impact of monsoons on the whole country, keeping it in a state of poverty. Yes, the weather does effect the development of the country as every time the country is flooded, valuable and limited money is spent on repairs and aid. This can get Bangladesh onto serious debt, meaning money is spent on other things which need to be spent on development, stumping the development of the country on a regular basis. There are three main rivers running through Bangladesh. There is the River Brahmaputra (below left and below right), the River Meghna and the River Ganges. The River Brahmaputra is the largest of the three; it is 2,900km long in total. The river does not start in Bangladesh, but it splits into two there. The river also flows through Tibet, India and China as well as Bangladesh. The rivers source is high up in the Himalayas in Tibet, and travels at a steep anticlimax until it finally levels out in the plains in India. After 35km of travel, the river joins to two others, and becomes the very wide River Brahmaputra. The river travels into Bangladesh, and is used there for a range of purposes. The main ones being a source of energy, food, clean water, deposition of waste in the deepest parts, defence barriers and transport. One of the most important uses of the river is for energy. Because there are waves, generators are assembled and when the waves reflect off of them, energy and power is created. Much energy is produced every second because the river is so large. Another main use of the river, is that it is fast moving water, (not as fast as the Ganges), meaning it is fresh, enabling the people to use it as drinking water. People will bottle this water, and sell it. A good way of making money. People are able to use boats and swim in the river as the water is not as rough in the River Brahmaputra than it is in the River Ganges. The river causes many problems as well as being of use to the people. When it floods, which is every year, it kills crops, people and cattle. It also destroys homes and leaves villages wrecked. The river Ganges is seen as a wild and untameable river. Its source is also in the Himalayas at the confluence of six other rivers. A confluence is the meeting of two or more rivers or water sources. The Ganges then flows through India and into Bangladesh. The river is seen as sacred to the people because when it comes into the city of Kanpur, it is joined by the Yamuna at Allahabad. This point is recognised as the Sangam at Allahabad. The Sangam is a scared place in Hinduism, therefore the river has some religious meaning to it. The River Ganges has also been used for modern day films, and to test out new submarines. Because of its unique features, some submarines and other vessels have been named after it. The final main river is the River Meghna. This river begins its journey in the hilly regions of India. It is the only one of the three main rivers that actually forms inside of Bangladesh itself. It is a very dangerous river, so the people who live near it, cannot use it as it is so very dangerous. Its only use to its people is that it deposits a lot of silt, so therefore the local farmers can enjoy successful crops. As we can see, each river has advantages and disadvantages. The River Ganges is viewed as the least constructive of the main rivers as it is prone to flooding, and the deposition of silt is low, meaning it is of little use to farmers. In addition to this, the river is highly polluted. The River Meghna is useful as it deposits a lot of silt, yet is far too dangerous to bath or wash, cook clean etc. in. So, this means that the River Brahmaputra is the most useful to the country. It allows people drinking water, water to cook, clean and sell. Furthermore, it is a huge supplier of energy to Bangladesh, meaning it is valuable for the development of the country. Deforestation does have a large impact on the rivers in Bangladesh. It increases the amount of surface runoff where the forest has been cleared because there is no interception of the plants and there are no trees to use the extra water in photosynthesis. This means that the surface runoff will flow into the rivers, causing the water levels to rise, and contributing to the flooding. To conclude, the rivers have uses, but are also prone to at least 3 major floods a year, hindering the development of the country. Deforestation is causing a rise in water levels also. However, the River Brahmaputra is a useful source of energy, helping to contribute to the development of the country. There are many things which are being done to overcome the Bangladesh’s problems. As a result of the country’s poor wealth, it is a great struggle to try to pull the country out of its current state of poverty. There already have been, and will be many schemes to try to rule out the problems Bangladesh has and is experiencing. For example, the Flood Action Plan was set up, also, the World Bank plan was established, flood guards have been purchased, and the H. E. E. D scheme was set up. The H. E. E. D Scheme The H. E. E. D scheme was developed and designed by the Tear Fund. The Tear Fund is a Christian Charity, working globally to try to eliminate poverty. The H. E. E. D scheme’s aim was to support villages in Bangladesh to push for a better future. H. E. E. D stands for Health, Education, Economic, Development. The scheme operates by addressing the roles of both women and men in society to allow everybody to play a part in trying to overcome problems, together. Women form in groups of about 20 to discuss problems and show that they have a voice and that they also have rights in society. Only the women are able to do this as they are the only ones who have the time. Their main role is to be a housewife, looking after the family, while the men are out working. The men work as farmers all day, therefore they are unable to support the women as much. How to cite Geography Bangladesh Coursework, Papers

Control Problems & Frauds Possible In Current †Free Samples

Question: How to Control Problems and Frauds Possible In Current System? Answer: Introduction As the Japanese cuisine becomes more popular in Australia, Daiwa Food Corporation which is the major Japanese food importer has also set on growth trajectory in Australia. It supplies authentic range of Japanese foods items for retail consumption, hospitality and catering services. Initially started with 1 office, it opened second office in 2006 and now is having multiple sales offices (https://www.daiwafoodonline.com.au/ ). As it is expanding, maintaining stock, managing sales and resupply has become cumbersome task. This is the age of cloud computing and digitalization and Daiwa food is still using 2Clix for managing its requirements. However, the company has identified that with the growing needs, legacy software is not able to fulfill their needs and looking for further options. Currently, it is facing a lot of issues and unable to cope up with the increasing demand and complexity in the business processes and looking for a system that could simplify the things at Daiwa food and at the same time would not be too costly and does not take too much time to implement. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the issues faced by Daiwa food in depth followed by the discussion on various accounting software packages available in Australia and finally concluded by recommending a software package to Daiwa Food which is most closely aligned with its business process and help the company to support the growth. Analysis Current organizational structure Daiwa food is quite flat organization. It has 2 main office which reports directly to the CEO of the company. There are also HR and Finance departments that also reports to CEO and also manages the activities at individual office. Individual units are quite independent in taking the decisions and there is no intervention from the manager as long as the sales are good and company is growing. Figure 1: Current org structure at Daiwa foods Operational problems (e.g., inefficiency, errors) Daiwa food currently is using 2Clix which is very old software suitable for company that does not have much sales and operations are at small scale i.e. Small scale companies. Daiwa food started using this software and as the company witnessed tremendous growth due to the popularity of Japanese cuisine in Australia, it did not update its Information technology strategy and thus finding it difficult to manage the business operations. As the stock item list is increasing, system is also becoming very slow and ubale to provide the real time information what is available in the warehouse and this is making the order promising and order acceptance difficult for the company (Hayter, 1990). Also, there were many time stock outs which mean company was not able to deliver the food on time and this is something quite important in hospitality industry because no one wants their guest to wait for the food, be it hotel, or private party. Also, this existing software is unable to integrate with th e other accounting software used in the company which results in duplication. Data needs to be entered in both the systems since they are not integrated. Also, data conciliation has also become back-breaking task. Also, many times software becomes so slow that people do the transaction noting down it in excel and thinking to update in the software later point of time which is clearly quite inefficient approach and also prone to human errors (Venkatachalam, 2015). Apart from it decreased visibility of inventory, conciliation issues and manual transactions, there were many other issues like there is no security in the system. System should have different access for different roles like manager, employees, purchasing guy. Most suitable system acquisition method out of commercial software, custom software, or ERP? There are 3 options available for Daiwa food to upgrade its IT strategy which is ERP, custom software and commercial software. Out of these 3, ERP us not at all suitable because the business is not so huge and located in a single country. ERPs systems are expensive, take too much time to implement and often suitable for global companies. ERP systems are expensive and often needs another consultant company along with the ERP company for implementation (Zaheer, 2015). Also, Custom software are used for those companies whose business model is so unique that there is no product available in the market aligned to that business which is not the case here. Thus after ruling out the 2 options, the only option available is commercial software which is undoubtedly the best option with the advent of cloud. It is because such softwares are available on cloud and thus can be implemented quickly and they are also much more cost effective (Battisti, Deakings, Perry, Bensemann, Smallbone, 2011). Th ere are numerous such software available for food and beverage industry and company can consider choosing one of those software. Flowchart of the sales procedures The sales procedures are pretty much straightforward. Customer can order online or by visiting branch. They will simple select a product they want to order, add them in the card if it is online order or places order to executives if it is offline order and make payment. Once the payment is done, their order will be booked in the system and joins the queue for processing. After that if it is online order, it will be passed for delivery else it will be replenished at store. After that sales order is closed in the system and data is queued for transferring to general ledge during month end. For bulk orders or regular orders at hotels and other catering services, they can contact directly by email and get the quote by the company. Once they are satisfied with the quote, quote gets converted to sales order and order is fulfilled. Figure 2: Sales procedure at Daiwa Food Control problems and frauds possible in current system There is no control over the inventory. Some items have access inventory while some are facing stock outs. Management have the challenge in promising the date for the customers that have large quantity orders (Armstrong, Heenetigala, Clarke, Clark, Francis, Tatnall, Dai, 2010). There is no system of roles and responsibilities in the system. And anyone who has access to system has access to different data which can be a risk as well as threat for the company. Lack of reporting and dashboard systems in current systems for management Issue in data reconciliation since current accounting package does no integrate with 2Clix. As a result, data will be entered in both the systems which is a redundant and time consuming activity Accounting software Analysis Development of the accounting software packages In 1980s, Teleware and Intuit were the pioneers in the field of development of software accounting packages. However, the systems developed during that time are quite basic in nature with limited functionality but they have definitely open the scope for refining the accounting software. Intuit is based out of US while Teleware was founded in Victoria, Australia. Intuit emerged after acquiring many small companies that have finance software products and thus refined its product. Teleware developed MYOB which is the first accounting software developed in Australia. Teleware was brought by Best software Inc which then signed agreement with Data-Tech software, Australia to sell the MYOB licenses in Australia in 1999 (https://www.myob.com/au ). Around same time, Reckon accounting software also joined the league. Though it was founded little early in late 1980s it was introduced in 1993 in Australia. After some time in 2000, Saasu accounting package was also founded and release in Australi a in 2007. Xero product was launched in 2006. Though Xero joined late but it emerged as the strongest player in the Australia with tremendous growth rate. Sage ERP package was also came in the market in 1990s but it never scale up due to limited market in Australia and also this product is not supporting the localized requirements of Australia (Dimitriu, Matei, 2014). The current market size With the advent of Globalization, cloud computing and massive competition across the firms, companies which were reluctant to use the software earlier are also attracted or forced towards using the software due to increasing complexity in the processes and the zeal to survive. As a result, Australian accounting software industry has never seen such a massive growth in the past as it is experiencing now. Not only this, attractive pricing of cloud application as compared to on premise applications are also triggering growth. The current size of this industry is estimated around US $ 20 billion with expected increase of 4-5% for next 4-5 years (https://www.ibisworld.com.au ). Leaders in the market and their competitive advantage MYOB, being the oldest player in the market has the maximum market share and continue to be the leader. But if we go by the revenue growth in last few years, growth of Xero is clearly visible and it will supersede the MYOB in next few years. Xeros growth during 2015-2016 is 50% while MYOB grow at 35% and most of that are support engagements and not fresh implementations (https://acaciacs.com.au/comparison-table-for-myob-exo-vs-myob/ ). Xero product is quite good and customers are pretty much satisfied. MYOB has more experience in implementing its application on the premise but when it comes to Cloud, Xero is the leader. And as more and more companies are opting for cloud, it is benefitting Xero. MYOB was late in launching cloud products and that too are not as good as compared to Xero. Apart from MYOB and Xero which are the leading players, there are small players like Sage ERP, Reckon, QuickBooks online are some of the other products (Zhang, Nan, Li, Tan, 20116). Sage ERP is on dec line and more suitable for global companies which are now expanding to Australia. Reckon and QuickBooks online are growing among small companies at a good rate but still have a long way to go before they become comparable to MYOB or Xero. Current gaps or challenges encountered customers of accounting software/packages and recommendations Numerous accounting software exists in the market and most of them are quite successful and thus it is very difficult for company to choose the right one who is on the quest for selecting and implementing new system. Some of the critical requirements that drive the software selection process are to get the timely and current information about the inventory items in warehouse, functional security, ease of integration, ease of data reconciliation, automation to some mundane processes, accounting features, sales order management features. Based on this list, Xero will be the most aligned software. It has differentiated itself in the market in terms of cloud offerings and also the pricing is quite attractive (Gisch, Robertson, 2013). Xero has excellent functional security, backup features, easy to operate, rollouts are also easy in case in future Daiwa foods wants to open more offices and integrate them with current systems and there are enough customer. Also, there are enough testimoni als about Xero from customers having similar business model in Food and beverages (https://www.xero.com/au/ ). Conclusion This paper analyzed the current situation at Daiwa foods which sells Japanese cuisine. As the company is regularly clocking good growth numbers in last few years and increased revenue, its current IT systems are not capable of handling the current load which has causes chaos in the company. At present, company is not looking for new systems which fulfils its requirements and help the company to remain competitive by shifting its focus from operational work to strategic work. This paper then analyzed the various software and recommend the appropriate one which is aligned to the requirements of Daiwa. It also talks about the history of the software and the potential of the industry in coming years. References Armstrong, A., Heenetigala, K., Clarke, A., Clark, C., Francis, R., Tatnall, A., Dai, W. (2010). The use of Internet reporting for small business and accountants. Battisti, M., Deakins, D., Perry, M., Bensemann, J., Smallbone, D. (2011, January). Small business owner's capability to manage regulation and its relationship with compliancec. In ICSB World Conference Proceedings (p. 1). International Council for Small business (ICSB). Birchall, A. (2013). Who's afraid of the big bad cloud?. Management Today, (July 2013), 34. Dimitriu, O., Matei, M. (2014). A New Paradigm for Accounting through Cloud Computing. Procedia Economics and Finance, 15, 840-846. Gisch, A., Robertson, T. (2013, November). Working in the clouds: a study of contemporary practices. In Proceedings of the 25th Australian Computer-Human Interaction Conference: Augmentation, Application, Innovation, Collaboration (pp. 355-358). ACM. Hayter, R. (1990). Industrial transformation and challenge in Australia and Canada (Vol. 164). McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP. Venkatachalam, N. (2015). Leveraging of software as a service by small and medium enterprises: Information systems capabilities and organisational complementarities (Doctoral dissertation, Queensland University of Technology). Zaheer, H. (2015). HOW DO INNOVATIVE DIGITAL START-UPS ACHIEVE SUCCESS? PERSPECTIVES OF AUSTRALIAN FOUNDERS (Doctoral dissertation, Macquarie University Sydney, Australia). Zhang, Z., Nan, G., Li, M., Tan, Y. (2016). To Lead or to Follow? Market Entry and Pricing Strategies for SaaS Provider.

Temperament and Social Development

Introduction The literature review is accurately represented by the research paper. It has explored various theories and presented hypotheses to explain how children react to victimisation. First, it assumes that temperament and sex determine the contribution of peer victimisation to a child’s aggression and depressive symptoms (Sugimura and Rudolph 2012). This assumption helps to develop intervention programmes to alleviate the effects of peer victimisation.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Temperament and Social Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The reviews include theoretical perspectives from previous researches conducted by other people to explain the impacts of sex in determining children’s reactions to victimisation. This includes researches done by scholars like Stephen G. West and Leona S. Aiken on how to test and interpret interactions amongst teenagers that experience peer victimisation (Aiken and West 1991). The authors have used research findings and reports from other scholars like John Archer to explain how sex determines aggression levels in children. The data review prepares audiences for what is to be covered in the research paper. The author cites quotes from researches done by other people and this shows that the issues being covered are not new in this field. This enables readers to link this paper to other research findings that were done to understand various issues that affect the reactions of children to peer victimisation. It is important to explain that a good introduction must ensure that the reader is directed from a general subject to a specific topic covered in a paper. This research paper explored various issues that determine the outcome of children’s reactions to peer victimisation. In addition, it narrowed its scope and focussed on sex as a key determinant of the reactions of children to peer victimisation. This en ables the reader to concentrate on the issues covered by the research and thus understand the relationship between different variables explored by the researcher. On the other hand, this has enabled the researcher to focus on a single issue to avoid wasting time and presenting unguided findings. The research focus enables the researcher to plan and know what to do to avoid conducting a research that does not have a schedule. It is necessary to explain that this focus ensures the researcher plans his time properly to avoid giving some issues a lot of concentration and ignoring others. Therefore, this research focus ensures there is adequate time allocated to all activities to make the project successful. The research questions and hypotheses of the paper have been clearly stated and this enables readers to know what the researcher intends to do. The paper has clearly stated its hypothesis that temperament and sex moderate the contribution of peer victimisation to children’s su bsequent adjustment. It seeks to answer questions related to child development; for instance, it examined whether the effects of victimisation are determined by children’s temperament or other factors like parental care and social groups (Sugimura and Rudolph 2012). The paper defines technical terms used in the research to ensure readers understand their meanings. This paper has been cited and used by other scholars and institutions, including the Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology.Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Methods This involves the procedures the researcher has used to collect data from various sources. The designs used by the researcher are effective because they represent the actual data on the ground. It is necessary to explain that the researcher sampled his respondents before collecting data. The research involved 283 participants (158 g irls and 125 boys) from different towns in Midwestern to increase the chances of getting varied outcomes. In addition, those children were from different racial and ethnic backgrounds (13.9% African-Americans, 77.7 % whites and 8.4% from other races) to ensure all groups were represented proportionally (Sugimura and Rudolph 2012). These groups involved participants from different economic backgrounds and some were given subsidised school lunch to persuade them to participate in the research. Parents were requested to allow their children to participate in the research to ensure there was consent from all participants. Questionnaires were used twice to ensure there was consistency and accuracy of the data provided by participants. That is why the research allowed them to provide feedback twice with an interval of one year between the first and second responses. Mails and home visits were used to collect surveys from parents while teachers returned their responses through locked boxes (Sugimura and Rudolph 2012). The researchers saw it necessary to involve the University of London’s Institutional Review Board to approve the procedures used in the research. The experimental and control groups were well matched to ensure the research achieved a high level of accuracy. A perfect research develops two sets of data for the actual and control experiments. Children were classified into two broad categories that included the majority and minority groups. Those in the majority group were the main subjects in the experiment while those in the minority were used as control samples. They provided parallel data that enabled researchers to compute and record findings in two sets. The data obtained from these sets did not show major differences in the behaviour of children towards peer victimisation (Sugimura and Rudolph 2012). Therefore, the standard deviation obtained did not show major disparities from the theorised data. Even though, the control and experimental gro ups were randomly selected they were well matched to ensure the experiment had a reference set. The data collection methods were well operationalised to ensure the outlined constructs were covered. For instance, the focus of this research was on obtaining different results from children regarding their responses to peer victimisation. This was achieved by using samples from different schools and homes. In addition, the research questions were well answered using questionnaires that were given to children, parents, and teachers (Godleski and Ostrov 2010).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Temperament and Social Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The research hypothesis was proved to be correct and this was shown in the results obtained and the information collected from different literature reviews. Reliability and validity were reported in a cumulative representation in various forms, includin g tables and questionnaires to record quantitative measures. Moreover, the process of the construction of the interview passed the research requirements regarding quantitative measures. The research process enabled replication of the procedures used. The procedures were outlined in the methodology and it is easy for a different researcher to conduct this research and find the same answers as provided in the paper. Therefore, the procedures outlined in the research paper have sufficient details that will allow other researchers to understand what has been done. This enables them to conduct this research and find similar answers; therefore, the procedures described are adequate to enable replication. Moreover, there are no obvious flaws in the data presented in this research. Ethical issues were appropriately addressed in the research. For instance, the researcher obtained consent from parents before involving their children in the research. In addition, relevant bodies were consulted before the research started. This shows that the researchers fulfilled all research requirements that guide participants, samples, methods and ethical concerns. Results/Findings The researcher described the sample and context of various issues in the study to ensure the recipients understand the relationship between sex and response to peer victimisation amongst children (Sugimura and Rudolph 2012). The researcher described different methods that were used to select samples. They include sex, race and economic status to ensure all groups were represented in the research. This was important in ensuring that the data collected represented the actual events in the context of the research (Lau and Eley 2008). In quantitative research, all hypotheses and questions were tested and the results obtained were recorded in tables. Inferential tests were used where the researcher was required to direct the research and enable other people to compare their findings with what they expected befor e conducting this exploration (Card and Hodges 2008). These tests are correct because they provided accurate and appropriate results that enabled the researcher to compute the data obtained and record it without confusing the audience.Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The need to obtain credible results compels all researchers to use inferential tests to guide them and ensure they do not deviate from their objectives. Researchers may be influenced by research outcomes, participants or other factors and this may affect the results of their projects. Therefore, inferential tests are used to determine whether researchers are on track or have missed some important steps. The sample size collected may not have been sufficient to support the research analysis because the researcher used a small population. However, it is necessary to explain that research samples are obtained depending on the size of the targeted population (Lengua, Bush, Long, Kovacs and Trancik 2008). Therefore, it is not necessary to use a large sample size if a small one can provide the information required by the researcher. This means that sample sizes may be small but suitable to represent the entire population targeted by a researcher. T-tests are used to compare data of large sample sizes, but they are sometimes applied in researches that involve a small population. Therefore, the researcher cannot be condemned for using this test to compare the sets of data obtained in this experiment. It is necessary to explain that the methods of collecting or analysing data should be evaluated depending on their accuracy and how the user understands them (Graham, Bellmore, Nishina and Juvonen 2009). The write-up does not evoke a real picture regarding the process of analysing data collected in this experiment. The researcher has not provided information to support the validity, reliability and accuracy of the research finding. For instance, the coding system used does not represent the differences between the categories of samples used. Discussion The research results were clearly summarised and the author has presented pertinent issues in a clear manner. It is necessary to explain that this research involved a lot of experiments and data and this made it difficult t o summarise its findings. However, the most important issues in the research were presented without interfering with their qualities and quantities. The research findings were summarised properly and this enables the audience to know what the project was about without necessarily going through the whole paper. The researcher answered all questions and this shows that the paper has achieved its objectives. For instance, the researcher wanted to know if there was a relationship between sex and reactions of children to peer victimisation (Sugimura and Rudolph 2012). In addition, it explored the possibilities of age, race and economic effect on children’s victimisation. The data collection and analysis methods support the interpretations of the information presented by the researcher. It is necessary to explain that the findings of this research were presented in a qualitative and quantitative manner and this is important in ensuring the audience understands various issues about children’s reactions to victimisation (Ostrov 2010). However, some claims were not supported by the sample design used by the researcher. For instance, the criteria used to select participants were applied to children and not their teachers, parents or caretakers. Therefore, this means that the sample was biased since it did not follow similar criteria in all cases (Benjet, Thompson and Gotlib 2010). The researcher made comments, hypotheses and assumptions based on co-relational designs and forgot that the cases used were broad and thus required complicated criteria to select participants. The findings are linked to previous researches and theories advanced by other people, including Stephen West, Leona Aiken and John Archer. The researcher identified key limitations like poor support and ineffective schedules by participants. However, these were not influential in determining the outcome of the research findings because the researcher had expected and planned to manage any c omplication that could have occurred during the study. The paper discuses future implications and recommendations that may affect children’s reactions to peer victimisation. The researchers observed that low inhibitory control puts girls at risk of becoming more aggressive after victimisation. Therefore, it recommends that it is necessary to strengthen their abilities to participate in organised responses to discourage victimisation. In addition, it presents that it is necessary for teachers and parents to teach children the importance of regulating their emotions to prevent them from blaming themselves or having a low self esteem (Keenan, Hipwell, Feng, Rischall, Henneberger and Klosterman 2010). The findings of this paper will help scientists, teachers and parents to understand the causes and effects of peer victimisation. This will help educators and scientists to develop effective programmes that target children according to their needs (Sugimura and Rudolph 2012). Refere nces Aiken, L. S. and West, S. G. (1991). Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting  Interactions. California: Sage Publications. Benjet, C., Thompson, R. J. and Gotlib, I. H. (2010). 5-HTTLPR moderates the effect of relational peer victimization on depressive symptoms in adolescent girls. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 173–179. Card, N. A. and Hodges, E. V. E. (2008). Peer victimization among school children: Correlations, causes, consequences, and considerations in assessment and intervention. School Psychology Quarterly, 23, 451–461. Godleski, S. A. and Ostrov, J. M. (2010). Relational aggression and hostile attribution biases: Testing multiple statistical methods and models. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 447–458. Graham, S., Bellmore, A., Nishina, A. and Juvonen, J. (2009). ‘‘It must be me’’: Ethnic diversity and attributions for peer victimization in middle school. Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 38, 487–499. Keenan, K., Hipwell, A., Feng, X., Rischall, M., Henneberger, A. and Klosterman, S. (2010). Lack of assertion, peer victimization, and risk for depression in girls: Testing a diathesis–stress model. Journal of Adolescent Health, 47, 526–528. Lau, J. Y. F. and Eley, T. C. (2008). Attribution style as a risk marker of genetic effects for adolescent depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 849–859. Lengua, L. J., Bush, N. R., Long, A. C., Kovacs, E. A. and Trancik, A. M. (2008). Effortful control as a moderator of the relation between contextual risk factors and growth in adjustment problems. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 509–528. Ostrov, J. M. (2010). Prospective associations between peer victimization and aggression. Child Development, 81, 1670–1677. Sugimura, N. and Rudolph, D. K. (2012). Temperamental differences in children’s reactions to peer victimization. Journal of Clinical Child and Adoles cent Psychology, 41:3, 314-328. This critical writing on Temperament and Social Development was written and submitted by user Rivka Moreno to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Prepositions to Die With

Prepositions to Die With Prepositions to Die With Prepositions to Die With By Maeve Maddox A reader wonders about prepositions used with the verb to die: Just recently when a prominent politician passed away I saw and heard various reports that he had died FROM cancer, WITH cancer, and OF cancer. Do you have a view on which may be better? Preposition use is one of the most rapidly changing aspects of traditional English usage. For example, many speakers now say, â€Å"excited for† instead of â€Å"excited about,† and â€Å"alerted of† instead of â€Å"alerted to.† No doubt the usual prepositions used after the verb â€Å"to die† will suffer similar displacement, but at present, one dies of a specific disease or identified cause, and one dies from something that leads to death. Here are some examples of correct usage from the Web: die of Dozens Of Migrants Die Of Hypothermia On Italian Coast Guard Boats Can you die of a broken heart?   75,000 Nigerians die of cancer yearly 4 children die of poisoning in Guatemala die from Deaths from traffic accidents  have dropped dramatically over the last 10 years. A schoolboy  died from  major internal  injuries  after falling off a bike.   College Basketball Player May  Have Died From  Choking on Chewing Gum According to context, other prepositions may follow the verb to die: in: to die in comfort, in poverty with: to die with your boots on for: to die for a cause, for nothing through: to die through neglect, through abuse by: to die by the sword, by suicide, by a bullet Die may also be used without a prepositional phrase: to die a beggar to die a failure to die a felon to die wealthy to die happy to die a natural death to die many deaths (like cowards) An effective way to internalize traditional English prepositional use is to read widely in traditional English literature while one is young. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Grammar Test 1Running Amok or Running Amuck?40 Synonyms for Praise

Principle Terrestrial Biomes Annotated Bibliography

Principle Terrestrial Biomes - Annotated Bibliography Example One of the strength of the motivating programs is that its’ automation makes it easier to identify individual merits and reward them accordingly. Compliments and other recognitions should be posted there to motivate them. Communication with employees from wherever they are makes them feel part of the company as they feel more appreciated and derive a sense of belongingness. This should continue being exploited at all times. Some weaknesses have also been noted in the discussion section. One of these entails shortcomings in communication. Employees should be made part of the decision-making team to ensure they feel obligated to work for a hospital. A hospital should also outsource some required services especially in recruitment programs to allow them cope with the challenges fostered by motivation programs. Abstract - The study recognizes that the concept of design has an effect on a patient's healing process. In the study, substantial evidence presents that the design of medi cal institutes influence the health outcomes of patients, as well as recruitment and retention of the hospital staff. In addition, the concept of design also affects the efficiency of how care is being provisioned. In United Kingdom, primary health and social care is being prioritized due to the ageing population of the country. Summary - The purpose of the study is to incorporate an environment that would deliver safety, efficiency and quality that is flexible to changing delivery patterns in the provision of care. ... This article focuses on the temperate grasslands, and examines and populations in them. It looks at a natural experiment occurring in a small region of Germany, where an area of grassland is persistently expanding by removing other obstacles to it such as human habitation. The exact dates that these obstacles were removed is well known, so know exactly how old the grasslands are, which is rare when studying ecological succession. They use this knowledge to examine the different species of ant which colonize the grassland once the grassland begins to grow. It uses simple sampling techniques to examine the populations of a wide variety of different types of ants at different stages of grasslands development, and the techniques used and data collected both seem extremely reliable. The research team found that in younger grasslands, there were a wide variety of different species that changed from individual patch of grassland to individual patch of grassland, because the initial populati ons were mostly dependent on the random chance of an individual or group from that species wandering into the grassland accidentally. They found, however, that as the grasslands matured and when studying older grasslands this initial diversity and wide range of species disappears, to be replaced with a more predictable group of species. This suggests that the initial distribution of species has no impact on the eventual one, and that a number of highly successful species of ants will consistently outperform other species in this kind of grassland. Gewin, Virginia. â€Å"Planting temperate forests won’t temper global warming† Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5.1 (2007): 6. This article details the effects that temperate rainforests might have on global warming. One of the

Marketing Management of Nike Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marketing Management of Nike - Essay Example Price Nike has a premium pricing strategy and its products are largely targeted towards the premium customers (Axelby, 2003:89). The company attributes and justifies its pricing strategy by providing high quality products to the customers. The formidable brand image of Nike also acts as a decisive factor in formulating the pricing strategy. Due to the formidable brand image of the product, the customer is quite willing to pay a premium for the products of the company as it has made a distinction for quality across the markets globally. Place Nike has a multi-channel distribution strategy in which the company uses both the direct as well as the indirect channel for distribution. The company ensures a combination of all vertical channels in an attempt to amalgamate them for distribution. The company has a bricks and clicks format that involves selling products through retail outlets (both company owned and multi-brand retailers) as well as through e-commerce websites. However, the indi rect form of distribution is the primary channel of sales considering the fact that it helps in providing more value to consumers. It also gives a tangible touch to the service offering generating competitive advantage (Baiker, 2007:32). Promotions Promotions are the most vital aspect of the marketing mix of Nike as it forms the only channel of communicating with the target market audience. The promotions strategy of Nike involves use of both traditional and online channels for communication. Traditional channels include advertisements on television and print media while online channels involve use of various social networking sites.... According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that the era of globalization has not only opened up new vistas for business organizations but has also created a high competition in the business markets with organizations reaching out to every market where opportunities are available. In this regard, ensuring a formidable positioning and a good marketing mix is an essential aspect that is needed to survive in this tough competitive environment. In order to remain sustainable in the market and stay ahead of the competitors, it is very essential to have a product mix that ensures a formidable image of the products or the brand in the minds of the target market segments. It is also very important to analyze the consumer behavior of the target market audience so as to have an idea about the needs and wants of the consumers. This is important as it defines the positioning of the brand which is very critical to the success of the company. The most important duty of the compa ny is to generate highest return to its shareholders that forms the ultimate aim of any organization. In this regard, the company has followed a strategy of expanding rapidly into international markets, and also seeks to formulate strategies such as outsourcing in a manner so as to help reduce cost and generate greater efficiency that can be ultimately generated as profits to be passed on to the shareholders.

Competition, Marketing Mix, and Pricing Research Paper

Competition, Marketing Mix, and Pricing - Research Paper Example Key Characteristics of the Users Maryland General Hospital offers wide range of services to its customers with different characteristics and with different needs and requirements. The hospital is based in Baltimore City, which is the largest city of Maryland. A sharp decline can be found in the Baltimore’s poverty line. Most of the people who find themselves under the federal poverty line are moving to the suburban areas from the urban or metro cities. In the city of Baltimore, there are more than 21,000 people who are below poverty line, but recently a major decline in the rate of the poor population has taken place. Maryland General Hospital targets people from both the metro and suburban area of the Baltimore. They offer specialized premium services for the premium patients with high income level and also offer general service for the mass. They also offer different special services to different demographic strata, such as children care, senior citizen care and women care. For example, Heart catheterization is provided to adult and children separately. The Hospital offers some specialized service within the framework of women care. The Competitive Environment of the Health Care Provider The competition generally arises on one or more elements like quality, price, convenience etc. Competition eliminates the inefficiency of the players. But in case of Maryland General Hospital, there is no such price competition among the leading players in the market as 75% of total cost for the treatment of an individual is provided by the health insurance company (Kronick, Goodman & Wennberg, 1993). Different hospitals try to differentiate its services on the basis of quality. If Porter five forces model is applied for Maryland General Hospital it will be clear that most of the competitions are coming from the rival hospitals. The competition is immense for Maryland General Hospital. There are 14 hospitals in Maryland. All the hospitals provide customized services. A study suggests that 58% of the patients recommended for going again to Maryland General Hospital while 77% people recommended for going Greater Baltimore medical centre. Many people also recommended for Good Samaritan Hospital. Even in this respect the Mercy Medical Centre Inc has also got high points than Maryland General Hospital. The hospital faces quite low bargaining power from the suppliers as there are many suppliers present in the market. The timely delivery of equipment and medicines are very essential for the hospital. The hospital needs to depend highly on its suppliers to maintain goodwill in front of the customers as most of the hospitals are competing mostly on the quality and not on the price. There is no such threat from a new entrant in the market as the set up cost is very high for any new entrant and the physical evidence is the most important factor for any hospitals so the new entrant has to face a tough competition from the old players as the physical evidence is very strong of the old players. There is no such substitute in hospital’s product as it is a necessary service for all. The buyers bargaining power is also strong but as mostly the insurance company pays the bills, the bargaining power gets reduced. Tools of Marketing Mix Marketing comprises of seven elements. For the health care sector all the 7P’

Effectiveness of Psychoeducational Group for Improving EI

Effectiveness of Psychoeducational Group for Improving EI Effectiveness Psychoeducational Female Chapter 1 Introduction Background of Study Based on the view of Johnson and Johnson (2000, as cited in Glading, 2003), a group is form by two or more individuals, who meet in face-to-face interaction, interdependently, with the consciousness that each belongs to the group and for the reason to achieve mutually agreed-on goals. Wilson, Rapin and Haley-Banez (2000), the members of The Association for Specialist in Group Work (ASGW), which is a national division of the American Counselling Association, defines group work as â€Å"a broad professional practice involving the application of knowledge and skill in group facilitation to assist an interdependent collection of people to reach their mutual goals which may be intrapersonal, interpersonal, or work-related. The goals of the group may include the accomplishment of tasks related to work, education, personal development, personal and interpersonal problem solving, or remediation of mental and emotional disorders.† Jacobs, Masson and Harvill (2005) had created seven categories of groups which based upon their different goal: educational group, discussion group, task group, growth group, counselling group, support group and self help group. However, ASGW only focus on four types of group work, which are psychoeducational group, counselling group, psychotherapy group, and task and work group (Wilson, Rapin and Haley-Banez, 2000). This chapter comprises the background of the study and the research problem that arises in investigates the effectiveness of psychoeducational group on improving female adolescents’ emotional intelligence (EI). The research problem enhanced the objective to study on psychoeducational group and EI. Prediction of outcome was stated as hypotheses. Finally, definition of variables, significance and limitation of the study were discussed. Group work is identified as an important modality because it is not only enable the clients to develop feelings of belonging and awareness of others, but also to increase their socialization skills and self-confidence. Besides, work group provide the opportunities for clients to exchange their idea and feedback (Nelson, Mackenthum, Bloesch, Milan, Unrein Hill, 1956; as cited in Posthuma, 2002). Compare with individual counselling, group work is more efficiency because it consists of several clients who meet for common purpose and able to save considerable time and effort. When the group made in a group setting, the commitment to work on specific concerns often has become strength (Jacobs, Masson Harvill, 2005). According to Posthuma (2002), groups have been effective in various helping professions such as short-term psychiatric setting (Bradlee, 1984; McLees, Margo, Waterman, Beeber, 1992; Prazoff, Joyce, Azim, 1986), long-term psychiatric setting (Waldinger, 1990), counselling for special populations (Akos, 2000; Firth, 2000) and with the chronically physically ill (Gonen Soroker, 2000; Levine, 1979). Variety kinds of group work are believed to be helpful to adolescent in making a successful development and growth which related with psychological and social issues (Glading, 2003). During this transition period from childhood to adulthood, adolescent grow up psychically and mature mentally. They struggle with various psychological and social issues such as cope with crisis in identity, extraordinary peer pressures, dramatic physical changes, impending career decision, the desire for independence and self doubt (Wasielewski, Scruggs Scott, 1997; as cited in Glading, 2003). From a group, adolescents have the opportunity to identify their conflicting feeling, realize that they are not unique in their struggles, honestly question those value they decided to adjust, learn to communicate with peers and adults, learn from the modelling provided by the leader, and learn how to accept what others recommend and to give of themselves in return (Corey Corey, 2002). In this study, the psychoeducational group is used by the researcher to promote female adolescents’ emotional intelligence (EI). The term â€Å"Emotional Intelligence† was first introduced by Mayer and Salovey at arose in 1990 (Ciarrochi, Forgas Mayer, 2001). The initial ability definition of EI as â€Å"A type of emotional information processing that includes accurate appraisal of emotion in oneself and others, appropriate expression of emotion, and adaptive regulation of emotion in such a way as to enhance living.† (Mayer, DiPaolo Salovey, 1990; as cited in Ciarrochi, Forgas Mayer, 2001). Daniel Goleman, a science journalist, published the best-selling book, Emotional Intelligence at 1995. His popular book lead to an unusual turn of event as the field of EI become popularized and broadened. Theoretical and research modification in the area were taken place roughly since 1998 until present. At the same time, some new measures of EI have been developed. Problem statement Based on the information from American Psychological Association (APA) (2002), emotional development during adolescence involves establishing a realistic and coherent sense of identity in the context of relating to others and at the same time learning to cope with stress and manage emotion. Adolescents’ Self-concept and self-esteem are the two major concepts that involve in the developing a sense of identity. In the EI perspective, they need to be self-awareness and possess effective relationship skills. Emotional skills are necessary for the adolescents to master in for their stress management and be sensitive and effective in relating to others. The four important skills that identified as part for adolescents’ emotional development are: recognizing and managing emotions, developing empathy, learning to resolve conflict constructively and developing a cooperative spirit. Recently, there are some studies provided some indication of the predictive nature of EI in adolescents. The studies found that the adolescents with high EI score were inversely related to aggression (Rubin, 1999; as cited in Woitaszewski, Scott, Mattew Roeper, 2004) and related to lower admission of smoking and alcohol use (Trinidad Johnson, 2002; as cited in Woitaszewski et al, 2004). Mayer (2001; as cited in Woitaszewski et al, 2004) suggested that emotional intelligence was apparently related to the capacity to organize emotions that can occur in peer relationships. These evidences show that emotional intelligence is related to positive behavioural and social outcomes. Psychoeducational group is a type of group that originally developed for use in educational settings. Recently, young people who join in developmental psychoeducational group out of sense the needs and desire to gain experience and knowledge that will help them better handle their concern such as identity, sexuality, parents, peer relationship, career goals and educational problems (Carty, 1983; as cited in Glading, 2003). There are some examples showed the positive outcome for the adolescent who received in developmental psychoeducational group. Baker, Thomas Munson (1983, as cited in Glading, 2003) showed that cognitive restructuring group enabled the students learn skills related to resolving problematic situation. Besides, the study of Hudson, Doyle Venezia (1991, as cited in Glading, 2003) showed the effectiveness of communication skills group to improve their interpersonal relationship. The study of Jenau Anak Pawan (2007) and Siti Hawa Mohd Yusof (2007) showed that strcutured group enable improved the self-concept of orphans, who age of range from 12 to 17. Thus, in this study, the researcher would like to investigate whether psychoeducational group enable in improving the EI among female adolescents, who ages from 16 to 17 and have low or moderate level of EI score. Objective 1.3.1 General Objective The general objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of psychoeducational group in improving EI among female adolescent. 1.3.2 Specific Objectives To identify the different score of EI between pre-test and post-test for experimental group and control group after psychoeducational group take place. To identify the different score of four elements of EI (perception emotion, managing emotion own emotion, managing others emotion and utilization of emotion) for Schutte-Self Report Inventory (SSRI) between pre-test and post test for experimental group and control group. To assess the validity and reliability of module for treatment for psychoeducational group. Conceptual Framework Emotional Intelligence (Module for Psychoeducational Group) Figure 1.0: Conceptual Framework This study consists of two sample group, which are control group and treatment group. The sample of both group are identified to have low or moderate level of SSRI score. Each group will be given SSRI during post-test, to identify their EI level. For control group, no any intervention is given. For instance, the treatment group will form a psychoeducational group with the used of module which will develop their EI level. After 10 sessions of treatment, both groups will be given SSRI again as post-test. The score between for pre-test and post-test for both groups will be compared. Research Hypotheses Hà Ã‚ ¾1a: There is no significance difference between score for pre test and post test for treatment group after psychoeducational group approach for emotional intelligence. Hà Ã‚ ¾1b: There is no significance difference between score for pre test and post test for control group after psychoeducational group approach for emotional intelligence. Hà Ã‚ ¾2a: There is no significance difference between score for pre test and post test for treatment group after psychoeducational group approach for perception of emotion variable. Hà Ã‚ ¾2b: There is no significance difference between score for pre test and post test for control group after psychoeducational group approach for perception of emotion variable. Hà Ã‚ ¾3a : There is no significance difference between score for pre test and post test for treatment group after psychoeducational group approach for managing own emotion variable. Hà Ã‚ ¾3b: There is no significance difference between score for pre test and post test for control group after psychoeducational group approach for managing own emotion variable. Hà Ã‚ ¾4a: There is no significance difference between score for pre test and post test for treatment group after psychoeducational group approach for managing others emotion variable. Hà Ã‚ ¾4b: There is no significance difference between score for pre test and post test for control group after psychoeducational group approach for managing others emotion variable. Hà Ã‚ ¾5a: There is no significance difference between score for pre test and post test for treatment group after psychoeducational group approach for utilizing emotion variable. Hà Ã‚ ¾5b: There is no significance difference between score for pre test and post test for control group after psychoeducational group approach for utilizing emotion variable. Significance of Study The study provides the contribution from the view of theoretical aspect and practical aspect. From the theoretical aspect, this study is view as an academic research that study with group work. Besides, the study showed the potential of psychoeducational group as an appropriate group work approach to promote clients’ socioemotional development. This study is an experiment that assesses the effectiveness of psychoeducational group. Thus, the outcomes of the study are able to serve as an evidence of the ability of group work to promote EI. This is the chance to promote the group work approach for the community of Malaysian to gain their trust on the group work’s effectiveness. Besides, this study provides the opportunity for researcher to assess the validity and reliability of the module that had been developed. This is significance and necessary for this study since the validity and reliability of the module able to guarantee its quality and effectiveness. From practical aspect, the study provides the module that had been developed to promote the development of EI for adolescent through group work. The modules are flexible and able to modify according to the needs of the group. For those helping professions who interest to implement the group for developing emotional intelligence, the modules can be the references. The effectiveness of module enables to generate the adolescent who possess with good emotional intelligence. It believed will be leaded them to gain self-awareness, not only able to make perception of their own emotion and managing their own emotion, but also able to guide them have a better interpersonal relationship. Definition Group Conceptual Definition A collection of two or more individuals who meet in face-to-face interaction, interdependently, with the awareness that each belongs to the group and for the purpose of achieving mutually agree-on goals. (Johnson and Johnson, 2000; as cited in Glading, 2003) Operational Definition A team that form by seven members who meet in face-to-face interaction, which lead by the researcher, with the purpose of improving their emotional intelligence. Psychoeducational Group Conceptual Definition A specialist group work with members who are relatively well-functioning individual but who may have lack of information in a certain area, with the specialization deals with importing, discussion and integrating factual information. New information is integrated through the use of planned skill-building exercises (Galding, 2003). Operational Definition A structured group with focus on EI theme and work with female adolescent who are low or moderate levels of EI, with the aim of providing members with increased awareness of their emotional problems in daily life and the tools or skills to better cope with it. Effectiveness Conceptual Definition An outcome which has production of intended result (Hornby, 1997). Operational Definition Creation of positive effect for the group members to help them improves their EI development through psychoeducational group approach. Emotional Intelligence Conceptual Definition The ability to perceive emotions, to access and generate emotions so as to assist thought, to understand emotions and emotional knowledge, and to reflectively regulate emotions so as to promote emotional and intellectual growth. (Salovey, Peter David Sluyter, 1997; as cited in Wikipedia, 2007) Operational Definition The ability of an individual to percept emotion accurately, master the skill in managing own and others’ emotion, and utilize his emotion for creative thinking, flexible planning, mood redirected attention and motivation. Perception of Emotion Conceptual Definition The ability to recognize one’s own and others’ emotion base on â€Å"situational and expressive cues that have some degree of cultural consensus as to the emotional meaning† (Saarni, 1999; as cited in Ciarrochi, Chan Bajgar, 2000). Operational Definition The ability aware of own and others’ emotion and perceive such verbal and nonverbal emotion accurately. Managing Own Emotion Conceptual Definition The capacity for adaptively coping with aversive or distressing emotions by using self-regulatory strategies that rearrange the passion or duration of such emotional starts (Saarni, 1999; as cited in Ciarrochi, Chan Bajgar, 2000). Operational Definition The ability to manage and coping with own strong positive or negative emotion and restructure such emotion with stability. Managing Others’ Emotion Conceptual Definition The ability to arrange events others take pleasure in, cover negative emotions in order to avoid hurting others’ feelings and make others feel better when they are down (Saarni, 1999; as cited in Ciarrochi, Chan Bajgar, 2000). Operational Definition The ability manipulates and controls others’ emotion for creation of a harmony and joyful atmosphere. Utilization of Emotion Conceptual Definition The ability to used own emotion in the search of life goals and make decision based on feelings over logic (flexible planning), using emotion to facilitate different thinking (creative thinking), Interpreting strong negative emotion in a positive way (mood redirected attention) and pursuing one’s goal with drive, persistence and optimism (Motivating emotion) (Sample, 2007). Operational Definition The ability to use emotion to solve the daily life emotion related problems. Adolescent Conceptual Definiton Individual who ages from range of 11 to 21 and do involved into a transition period from childhood to young adulthood. It is generally a time of self-discovery in which young people aim to define their place in the world (Ariganjoye Daigneault, 2007). Operational Definition Members who ages from range of 16 or 17 and identified have a low or moderate level of EI. They participate in the study as a member for control group or treatment group. Limitation of Study Below are some of the limitations of study that identified by the researcher: The samples of the study are the female adolescent who ages from 16 to 17. The module that developed may not suit with the other population. The researcher unable to control the confidentiality among the sample from treatment group because they stay with the same place with the sample from control group. Perhaps if they break the confidential, some input from the psychoeducational group may receive by the sample from control group indirectly. The sample may answer SSRI without honestly and bias, this will lead to the inconsistency of the validity and reliability of the outcome. Perhaps some of the samples are not ready mentally to participate in the study or be involuntary. They may act with resistance, reluctant or absence for the group meeting, which will influence their improvement of EI development. Since the researcher is a counsellor trainer who still in supervision, perhaps the competency of researcher is limited to handle more crisis issue. Conclusion Overall this chapter is used to provide a general introduction for the study. The background and the problem statement of the study had been discussed. Besides, this chapter state with the objectives and hypotheses of the study. Besides, the important terms for this study had been defined. Finally, this significance and limitation of the study had been discussed. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.0 Introduction This chapter explore the entire concept for this study in details. The key concepts for this study include psychoeducational group, module, emotional intelligence and adolescent. Besides, literature review of previous research that related with these concepts was organized to support the relationship of variable for this study. 2.1 Pscyhoeducational Group Psychoeducational group, sometimes are simply referred to as â€Å"educational group† or â€Å"guidance groups†, is originally developed fro the use in educational setting, specifically public schools (Galdding, 2003). The premised of psychoeducational groups is on the idea that education is treatment not only because of the knowledge acquired in the process but also because of the perception that may be changed as result (Young, 1998; as cited in Gladding). Corey Corey (2002) cited that â€Å"Structured groups focus on a particular theme and are often psychoeducational in nature.† Commonly in a structured group, the members are asked to complete a questionnaire at the beginning group to assess how well they are coping with the part of concern. When the groups terminates, another questionnaire is completed to assess their progress. According to Conyne (1996; as cited in Gladding, 2003), the major goal of pscyhoeducational group work is â€Å"to prevent future development of debilitating dysfunctions while strengthening coping skills and self-esteem.† Thus, it is suited to use in various setting such as schools, hospitals, mental health agencies, social service agencies and universities (Jones Robinson; as cited in Gladding, 2003). In general, it stresses growth through knowledge (ASGW, 2000; as cited in Gladding). Besides, it increases members’ awareness of some life problem and the tools or skills to better cope with it (Corey Corey, 2002). Carrell (2000, as cited in Janice DeLucia-Waack, 2006) points out that psychoeducational groups emphasize on support, learning of new skills, and how to help and be helped. The general contents or themes for psychoeducational group includes, but is not limited to, personal, social, vocational and education information (Bates, Johnson Blaker, 1982; as cited in Gladding, 2003). Some current topics for psychoeducational groups for adolescents include: loneliness, self-esteem social skills, career development, career exploration, children of divorce, grief, conflict resolution, bullying prevention, anger management, aggression, relationship skills, communication skills, prevention of depression, family relationship, cognitive coping skills and antisocial behaviour (Janice DeLucia-Waack, 2006 ) . These groups usually process in 50 minutes to 2 hours period and work best when they have a regular meeting such as once a week. The appropriate number for sessions is 8 to 10 (Gladding, 2003). To Corey and Corey (2002), the general sessions for psychoeducation group are about 2 hours for 4 to 15 weeks. However, if the group is for children or clients with a short attention span, 30 to 45 minutes session should be appropriated. Furr (2000, as cited in Gladding, 2003) introduced six-step process that essential for designing a psychoeducational group: Stating the purpose Establishing goals Setting objectives Selecting content Designing experiential activities Evaluating The activities or curriculum in these groups usually take in nonthreatening exercises or group discussion forms but it may present in variety forms actually (Bates, Johnson Blaker, 1982; as cited in Gladding, 2003). Certain technological application such as computer-assisted programs, video or audio transmission and computerized simulations take a role in the group to develop the members’ growth through knowledge in indirect way (Bowman Bowman, 1998; as cited in Gladding). According to Shechtman, Bar-EI and Hadar (1997; as cited in Janice DeLucia-Waack, 2006), adolescents able to take many advantages through group because they have a chance to relate to each other learn the life skills. Besides, they may practice the behaviours that generalized from the group into real-life situations. From the group, multiple feedbacks are received and through helping each others, their self-esteem may be increased. Psychoeducational groups are commonly utilized in school setting, for prevention purposes for students at risk (Vera Reese, 2000; as cited in Janice DeLucia-Waack, 2006). Psychoeducational group approach assist group members in sharing and developing coping skills and behaviours and apply such skills in dealing with new or difficult situation (Dagley, Gazda, Eppiger Stewart, 1994; Hoag Burlingame, 1998; as cited in Janice DeLucia-Waack, 2006). Through psychoeducational intervention, adolescents learn the improved way of functioning. They will expose with new cognitive concepts, ideas and exploration of their issues. The adaptive behaviours will be explored, discussed and practices for transfer to school and home. From the healing interaction of the group experience, their self-esteem, efficacy, and emotional satisfaction will be improved (Smead, 2002; as cited in Janice DeLucia-Waack, 2006 ). 2.2 Module Sidek Mohd Noah and Jamaludin Ahmad (2005) defined module as a unit of teaching and learning that discuss with certain topic, in a systematic and subsequent way. It helps the student able to learn alone and master the learning unit in an easy and accurate way. Module can be used in the non-academic setting such as the activities that related with self-growth, adventure and interaction. Thus, module suits to apply for individual or group in academic or non-academic form with the purpose to lead them for change in a positive direction (Rusell, 1974; as cited in Sidek Mohd Noah and Jamaludin Ahmad, 2005). According to Sulaiman Yasin, Saidin The Asma Ahmad (1986, as cited in Sidek Mohd Noah and Jamaludin Ahmad, 2005), the role of module is to assist someone to gain knowledge, awareness and adeptness which will lead to the improvement of management ability to achieve the objective that fixed by an organization. Thus, in this study, the module had been developed and be used in the psychoeducation group to assist the group members to gain knowledge, awareness and practice the skills that related with EI, with the goal of increase their EI level. The modules are important in this study because each module has the specific objective. When the members aware of the objective during the beginning of the session, such situation able to drive them to participate in the activity actively to achieve the goal. Besides, the modules that developed consists with assessment elements which will enable the member to receive and provide feedback that related with their achievement and understanding of the activities that they participated (Shaharom Noordin Yap Kueh Chin, 1991; as cited in Sidek Mohd Noah and Jamaludin Ahmad, 2005). Jamalidin Ahmad (2002, as cited in Sidek Mohd Noah and Jamaludin Ahmad, 2005) categorize module into four types with according to their purpose. They are teaching module, motivation module, training module and academic module. Teaching module is used in school setting, with the purpose to provide guidance for students to study alone. To develop the student motivation, motivation module is used by teacher, facilitator or moderator in variety form such as acitivities, trainings and games. Academic module is prepared by universities or colleges lecturers that complete with lecture notes and is provide to their students. Training module is a module in training form with strive for improve the worker performance in certain organization. The chart below illustrates the process to create a module. Set the objective Needs of research Identify theory, rational, philosophy, concepts, target and time period. Target creation Choose the contents Combine draft of module Assess validity and reliability Complete Draft Module Produced Choose strategics Assess effectiveness Combine draft of module Choose logistic Combine draft of module Quality module Choose Media Reevaluate Complete module and able to be used Note: Phase I, Draft Module Preparation Pahse II, Test and Evaluate Module Figure 2: Model Module Creation Sidek Source: Sidek Mohd Noah Jamaludin Ahmad (2006). Pembinaan Modul: Bagaimana membina Modul Latihan dan Modul Akademik. Serdang: Universiti Putra Malaysia. Sidek Mohd Noah introduced a module that is more comprehensive for module creation at 2001 (Sidek Mohd Noah Jamaluding Ahmad, 2005). This model has two phases. Phases one involves the steps to create draft for module, whereas phase two is a level to test and evaluate the module. The validity and reliability of the modules are assessed in this phase. Only the module with appropriate value of validity and reliability will be used. For in stance, of the value is inappropriate, the module need to modify and rebuilt until the appropriate value of validity and reliability been achieved. 2.3 Emotional Intelligence (EI) Mayer (2001) in his article A Field Guide to Emotional Intelligence proposed a fivefold division of years to explain the overview of the emergence of EI concepts. From 1990 to 1969, the psychological study of intelligence and emotion were separate. During the period of 1970 to 1989, psychologists focus on the study of how emotions and thought influenced each other. At 1990, the term of ‘emotional intelligence’ first introduces by Mayer and Salovey and leads to emerge the EI as a topic to study. When come to 1994 to 1997, the concept of EI was popularized by Goleman and his book Emotional Intelligence become a worldwide best-seller and was widely copied. From 1998 until present, a numbers of refinements of the concept of EI take place and a new measure of the concept of EI had been introduced as well. Now, EI become a popular topic for the scientific research. There are variety definitions for EI. According Mayer (2001), recently two lines of definition had emerged. First line consists of the original approach that defined EI as an intelligence involving emotion. For the second lines, the definition is mixed approaches that blended with other skills and characteristic such as well-being, motivation, and capacities to engage in relationship. Mayer, Caruso and Mayer (1999; as cited in Mayer, 2001) proposed the ability theory and divides EI into four brunches: ability at emotional perception, the ability to use emotions to facilitate thought, understanding emotions and managing emotion. For mixed definition, Bar-on (1997; as cited in Mayer, 2001) view EI as noncognitive competencies and categorized as intreapersonal, interpersonal, adaptability, stress management and general mood. Goleman (1998; as cited in Mayer, 2001) used the mixed definition as well. He proposed five-part elaboration of EI: self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy and social skills. The most common mental illness that relate with EI is Alexithymia. For people who suffer with Alexithymia, they suffer with the difficulty identifying feelings and distinguishing between feeling and the bodily sensations of emotional arousal. Besides, it is hard for them to describe feeling to others and have a poor fantasy life. They also have a cognitive style that is literal and focuses on the minute details of external events. High alexithymia individuals are identify to have a low EI because they unable to use emotions as information about their internal or external worlds and do not feel good about themselves (Taylor, 2001). Bar-on (2001) proposed four themes to define self-actualization: the ability and drive to set and achieve goals, being committed to and involved with our interests, actualizing our potential and enriching our life. His findings strongly suggest that the EI factors and facilitators such as happiness, optimism, self-regard, independence, problem-solving, social responsibility, assertiveness and emotional self-awareness are best predictors of self-actualization. He mentioned that the person who has high IQ does not guarantee that they will actualize their potential because his study showed that even EI individuals with average or even below-average cognitive capacity are able to actualize their potential in life. Empathy is one of the five domains of EI that proposed by Goleman (1995), which defined as ability recognizing emotions in others and the ability that built on emotional self-awareness and it serve as the fundamental â€Å"people skills†. Empathic accuracy is a measure of the ability to accurately infer the specific content of â€Å"reading† people’s thoughts and feelings (Ickes, 1997; as cited in Flury Ickes, 2001). These aspects are closely related with friendship and dating relationship (Flury Ickes, 2001). Ick